Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi (c. 369–286 BCE) was a major philosopher of the Warring States period. His given name was Zhou, and he was a native of Meng in the state of Song—traditionally identified either as northeast of modern Shangqiu, Henan, or near Dingyuan, Anhui.

He lived in modest circumstances, reportedly weaving straw sandals to make a living and once serving as a minor official in charge of a lacquer garden. Despite his humble station, his intellectual stature was widely recognized.

According to the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) and the text bearing his name, King Wei of Chu once sent envoys with lavish gifts to invite Zhuangzi to serve as his chancellor. Upon meeting them, Zhuangzi famously declined, using the parable of a sacred tortoise: “Would this turtle prefer to have its bones preserved in a temple, honored but dead—or to drag its tail alive through the mud?” He chose the latter, affirming his rejection of political power in favor of personal freedom.

Another well-known anecdote recounts that when Hui Shi (Huizi), Zhuangzi’s close friend and philosophical rival, served as prime minister to King Hui of Liang (Wei), Zhuangzi visited the capital. Fearing that Zhuangzi’s superior talent might cost him his position, Hui Shi ordered a city-wide search for three days and nights to intercept him. When Zhuangzi finally confronted Hui Shi, he mocked him with an allegory: “The yuanchu (a mythical noble bird) soars high, perching only on phoenix trees, eating only choice fruits, and drinking only sweet spring water. It would never covet a rotting mouse—which is all you, like an owl, clutch so jealously.” This story underscores Zhuangzi’s disdain for worldly ambition and petty rivalry.

Throughout his life, Zhuangzi never held high office, choosing instead a path of detached independence. Yet he possessed profound insight into the unity of Heaven and Earth, the nature of all things, and the philosophy of life and death. His thought deepened and expanded the Daoist tradition initiated by Laozi, introducing seminal concepts such as:

• “Xiaoyao” (Carefree Wandering)—spiritual freedom unbound by convention; 
• “Qi Wu” (The Equality of Things)—the relativism that dissolves rigid distinctions; 
• “Xin Zhai” (Fasting of the Heart-Mind)—inner purification through stillness; 
• “Zuo Wang” (Sitting in Forgetfulness)—transcending ego and societal roles.

The masterpiece – Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi, also known as Nanhua Jing (The Classic of Nanhua), is a Daoist scripture authored by Zhuangzi and his followers during the mid-Warring States period. In the first year of the Tianbao era under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Zhuangzi was officially posthumously honored as the “Perfected Person of Nanhua (南华真人),” and thus Zhuangzi came to be called Nanhua Jing. This work, together with Laozi (Dao De Jing) and Zhouyi (The Book of Changes), is collectively known as the “Three Mysteries” (三玄, San Xuan). The book is divided into Inner Chapters, Outer Chapters, and Miscellaneous Chapters. It originally consisted of 52 chapters, which were gradually circulated, intermingled, and augmented from the mid-to-late Warring States period, taking shape roughly by the Western Han dynasty. However, the versions circulating at that time have since been lost. The currently transmitted version of 33 chapters was compiled by Guo Xiang (郭象), and its arrangement of chapters and sections differs from that of the Han dynasty. The Inner Chapters largely represent the core of Zhuangzi’s thought during the Warring States period, while the Outer and Miscellaneous Chapters, developed over more than a hundred years, incorporate elements of Huang-Lao philosophy and the teachings of Zhuangzi’s later followers, forming a complex system.