Explaining Laozi

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.2

    This Han Feizi passage redefines Daoist emptiness and non-action. True emptiness is spontaneous mental freedom, not forced practice. Natural non-action nurtures virtue and enables effective rule.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.1

    This Han Feizi excerpt interprets Daoist virtue. True virtue is inner wholeness through non-action and desirelessness, not outward display. Striving for virtue deliberately ruins it.