This Han Feizi passage frames ritual as inner feeling’s outer form. It outlines the Dao-virtue-benevolence-righteousness-ritual order, stressing true ritual is spiritual self-cultivation.
This Han Feizi excerpt defines true benevolence. It is spontaneous inner care for others, free from calculation or reward-seeking, distinct from performative kindness.
This Han Feizi passage redefines Daoist emptiness and non-action. True emptiness is spontaneous mental freedom, not forced practice. Natural non-action nurtures virtue and enables effective rule.
This Han Feizi excerpt interprets Daoist virtue. True virtue is inner wholeness through non-action and desirelessness, not outward display. Striving for virtue deliberately ruins it.