8.2
The Master said, “Courtesy without ritual leads to weariness; caution without ritual leads to timidity; courage without ritual leads to disorder; and straightforwardness without ritual leads to harshness. When the noble person shows deep devotion to his kin, the people are inspired toward benevolence. When he does not abandon old friends, the people do not become indifferent or fickle.”
子曰：「恭而無禮則勞，慎而無禮則葸，勇而無禮則亂，直而無禮則絞。君子篤於親，則民興於仁；故舊不遺，則民不偷。」
Notes
This passage from the Analects articulates that virtues require the regulation of ritual propriety, otherwise they become excessive and counterproductive. Ritual propriety serves as a ‘calibrator’ for virtue: without it, virtues lose their proper measure. Only when virtues are tempered by ritual can they achieve perfect balance — respect without servility, prudence without cowardice, courage without rashness, and frankness without harshness.
The conduct and example of gentlemen (noble man) can guide social morals. If gentlemen treat their kin with sincere devotion, the people will uphold benevolence. If gentlemen do not abandon old friends, the people will not become cold-hearted.
“Do not look at what is contrary to propriety; do not listen to what is contrary to propriety; do not speak of what is contrary to propriety; do not act on what is contrary to propriety.”(Analects 12.1)
It restricts words and deeds with the bounds of propriety, emphasizing that propriety serves as the boundary of moral conduct.
“When those in high positions value propriety, the common people will dare not be disrespectful.”(Analects 13.4)
It echoes the dual logic of “restricting moral conduct with propriety” and “those above setting an example for those below”, highlighting the exemplary effect of propriety.
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