Han Feizi lists 47 signs of state ruin, from weak law to ministerial power. Rulers must use law to fix flaws and survive.
Han Feizi cites brutal regicides. Rulers without law and statecraft face worse fates than lepers at ministers’ hands.
Han Feizi warns slander can destroy even close bonds. Reformers like Shang Yang and Wu Qi perished due to treacherous ministers.
Han Feizi rejects empty traditional scholars. He defends strict laws and harsh punishments as necessary for order, even if unpopular.
Han Feizi argues rulers should rely on strict laws and rewards/punishments, not personal trust. Institutions force loyalty and secure rule.
Han Feizi warns ministers flatter rulers to gain power. Without strict checks, cliques form, loyalty fades, and rulers fall.
Han Feizi Chapter 13.3 continues the jade allegory, stressing Legalist reformers face harsh persecution. True statecraft must overcome elite resistance.