This Han Feizi passage criticizes groundless foresight as empty cleverness. Using Zhan He’s cow anecdote, it argues true wisdom comes from direct observation, not speculation.
This Han Feizi passage frames ritual as inner feeling’s outer form. It outlines the Dao-virtue-benevolence-righteousness-ritual order, stressing true ritual is spiritual self-cultivation.
This Han Feizi excerpt defines true benevolence. It is spontaneous inner care for others, free from calculation or reward-seeking, distinct from performative kindness.
This Han Feizi passage redefines Daoist emptiness and non-action. True emptiness is spontaneous mental freedom, not forced practice. Natural non-action nurtures virtue and enables effective rule.
This Han Feizi excerpt interprets Daoist virtue. True virtue is inner wholeness through non-action and desirelessness, not outward display. Striving for virtue deliberately ruins it.
This Han Feizi passage stresses public-private separation. Rulers must enforce strict laws and rewards/punishments, curbing private favors to maintain order.
This Han Feizi passage argues strict law strengthens states, while weak law leads to decline. Law, like a mirror, must be impartial, above personal wit.