Centenarian Daoist Lin Lei sings while gleaning leftover grain. When Zigong questions his joyless life, he claims worldly detachment brings longevity and peace. He views life and death as natural cycles, a wisdom Confucius greatly admires.
Lao Laizi, a Chu Taoist hermit, lived simply farming on Meng Mountain. When the king offered him state governance, his wife refused officialdom’s chains, so they fled south. He penned Taoist works and won deep respect from Confucius.
Mencius traces the sage Way’s five-century transmission from Yao-Shun to Confucius via direct witnesses and later inheritors. A century after Confucius, he grieves no successor carries the orthodox line, revealing his solemn mission to uphold Confucian wisdom.
Disciple He Ji grieves over widespread slander. Mencius consoles him that such gossip harms nothing, citing two Book of Songs verses: even Confucius and King Wen endured petty men’s resentment yet retained their noble reputations.
Mencius explains Confucius’ starvation plight between Chen and Cai stemmed from lacking ties with local rulers and common folk. It shows virtuous gentlemen endure hardship without political support yet should cling firmly to moral principles amid chaotic times.
Mencius contrasts Confucius’ departures: he left his native Lu slowly out of deep affection, yet fled Qi hastily with uncooked rice. This shows Confucian flexible propriety—tender sentiment for homeland, decisive sense for foreign states.
Mencius uses barren Mount Niu as a metaphor: innate moral conscience is gradually worn away by daily desires and bad deeds. Morning pure inner vitality fades without constant nurture, urging people to guard their good hearts actively.