Chinese mythology, folktales, and literature
This commentary on Zhuangzi ‑ Tian Zifang unpacks six core fables. It stresses authentic inner virtue over outward performance, arguing the Dao manifests through silent presence rather than words, rituals or superficial skill.
Mencius argues unserving scholars should not answer lords’ summons. Rulers must respect worthy men with proper rites instead of commanding them. He cites a gamekeeper refusing improper summons and clarifies Confucius hurried only when summoned in official capacity.
This article explains why pragmatic statesman Yan Ying blocked Duke Jing of Qi’s appointment of Confucius. He criticized Confucian complex rituals, costly lavish burials, impractical scholars, and abstract theories, clashing ideal Confucian ritual governance with Qi’s frugal, down-to-earth ruling demands.