The Sage, while inwardly enlightened, outwardly embodies simplicity and humility, appearing more “ignorant” than others. Conversely, many who lack true knowledge pretentiously posture as erudite scholars, deluding themselves into believing they surpass others in wisdom.
To know and yet (think) we do not know is the highest (attainment); not to know (and yet think) we do know is a disease.
It is simply by being pained at (the thought of) having this disease that we are preserved from it. The sage has not the disease. He knows the pain that would be inseparable from it, and therefore he does not have it.
This chapter constructs the core framework of Daoist cognitive philosophy through the lens of “knowing”:
- Acknowledging ignorance as the starting point of wisdom;
- Shattering complacency as the critical breakthrough;
- Constant refinement as the ultimate path, culminating in the harmonious realm of unity with the Dao.
知不知上；不知知病。夫唯病病，是以不病。聖人不病，以其病病，是以不病。
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