Chapter 69 employs military metaphors to unveil the Daoist philosophy of ‘retreating to advance’ and ‘softness overcoming hardness’. Lao Tzu first references ancient military wisdom: ‘I dare not take the initiative but prefer to respond; I dare not advance an inch but prefer to withdraw a foot’. This emphasizes avoiding provocation, resisting rash aggression, and instead retreating strategically to observe the situation, gather strength, and act with hidden intent. Actions remain concealed, leaving no trace for the enemy to follow—appearing as non-action, yet embodying the stratagem of ‘formlessness conquering form’ .
A master of the art of war has said, ‘I do not dare to be the host (to commence the war); I prefer to be the guest (to act on the defensive). I do not dare to advance an inch; I prefer to retire a foot.’ This is called marshalling the ranks where there are no ranks; baring the arms (to fight) where there are no arms to bare; grasping the weapon where there is no weapon to grasp; advancing against the enemy where there is no enemy.
There is no calamity greater than lightly engaging in war. To do that is near losing (the gentleness) which is so precious. Thus it is that when opposing weapons are (actually) crossed, he who deplores (the situation) conquers.
In stark contrast, underestimating the enemy stems from subjective arrogance, impulsive emotion, and blind confidence. Such an approach ignores the peril of ego-attachment, violates the Tao’s laws, and deviates from the Three Treasures —compassion, frugality, and humility — inviting calamity.
When opposing forces clash, the side that is righteous or disadvantaged, driven by oppression, invasion, or dire circumstances, carries a heart of grief, righteous anger, and acute crisis-awareness. This ‘compassionate underdog’, as Laozi states, ‘wins through mourning’, for their resolve and unity, forged in adversity, transcend mere tactical advantage. Thus, victory flows not from might but from alignment with the Dao’s hidden currents—where humility and empathy become invincible weapons.”
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