This Han Feizi passage argues strict law strengthens states, while weak law leads to decline. Law, like a mirror, must be impartial, above personal wit.
This Han Feizi passage stresses strict rewards and punishments. Petty loyalty harms state interests; law must prevail over personal affection.
Han Feizi rejects superstition and foreign alliances. He argues states thrive only through clear laws and self-reliance, as Goujian’s story shows.
Han Feizi rejects divination and astrology. Using Yan-Zhao-Qin wars, he argues state fate hinges on governance, not superstition.
Han Feizi advises rulers to hold ministers accountable for both speech and silence, reject empty projects, and prioritize net gains.
Han Feizi argues self-interest drives all. Even wives and heirs may plot a ruler’s death. Rulers must enforce strict law and guard close allies.
Han Feizi warns rulers that trusting family – wives, sons – leads to control. Loyalty is rare; self-interest drives all.