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Han Feizi – Chapter 20.5
This Han Feizi passage frames ritual as inner feeling’s outer form. It outlines the Dao-virtue-benevolence-righteousness-ritual order, stressing true ritual is spiritual self-cultivation.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 20.3
This Han Feizi excerpt defines true benevolence. It is spontaneous inner care for others, free from calculation or reward-seeking, distinct from performative kindness.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 20.2
This Han Feizi passage redefines Daoist emptiness and non-action. True emptiness is spontaneous mental freedom, not forced practice. Natural non-action nurtures virtue and enables effective rule.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 20.1
This Han Feizi excerpt interprets Daoist virtue. True virtue is inner wholeness through non-action and desirelessness, not outward display. Striving for virtue deliberately ruins it.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 19.5
This Han Feizi passage stresses public-private separation. Rulers must enforce strict laws and rewards/punishments, curbing private favors to maintain order.