• Essentials of Governance from the Zhenguan Era – Zhenguan Zhengyao

    Zhenguan Zhengyao (Essentials of Governance from the Zhenguan Era) is a foundational Chinese political classic compiled during the Tang dynasty by the historian and statesman Wu Jing (670–749 CE). Completed around 708–710 CE, the work records the exemplary governance, dialogues, policies, and administrative philosophy of Emperor Taizong(r. 626–649) and his ministers during the famed…

  • The Tragic Fall of General Yang Ye [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This article tells the tragic story of General Yang Ye, a loyal and brave defender of the Song Dynasty. It reviews the failed Northern Expeditions against the Liao, highlights Yang Ye’s brilliant victory at Yanmen Gate that earned him the title “Invincible.” In the 986 campaign, slandered by jealous supervisors and abandoned by…

  • Wenyuan Yinghua

    Wenyuan Yinghua (Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature) is one of the Four Great Books of Song, a monumental literary anthology commissioned by Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song dynasty and compiled between 982 and 986 CE. Led by the chief editor Li Fang, along with scholars such as Song Bai and Xu…

  • Taiping Guangji

    Taiping Guangji (Extensive Records of the Taiping Era) is a massive Chinese encyclopedic collection of classical tales and anecdotes, compiled under imperial order during the early Northern Song dynasty. Commissioned by Emperor Taizong, it was edited by a team of scholars led by Li Fang, along with 13 other officials, and completed rapidly between…

  • Taiping Yulan

    Taiping Yulan (Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era) is a monumental Chinese encyclopedia compiled during the early Northern Song dynasty. Commissioned by Emperor Taizong of Song, it was edited by a team of scholars led by Li Fang, along with Li Mu, Xu Xuan, and others. Work began in 977 CE (the second year…

  • The Covenant of the Golden Casket and the Shadow of the Axe [Song & Yuan]

    Brief: This article explores the mysterious succession of Emperor Taizong after Emperor Taizu’s sudden death in the Song Dynasty. It covers the controversial “Candlelight and Axe Sounds” legend, the legitimacy debate over the Golden Casket Covenant, and the tragic fates of Taizu’s sons and younger brother. It also notes Taizong’s cultural achievements and completion…