Dao De Jing – Chapter 71

To know that you do not know—that is true wisdom.
Not to know yet think you know—that is affliction.

Only by recognizing affliction as affliction can one avoid affliction.
The sage is free from affliction because he recognizes affliction as such—
thus he remains unafflicted.

Note

The Sage, while inwardly enlightened, outwardly embodies simplicity and humility, appearing more “ignorant” than others. Conversely, many who lack true knowledge pretentiously posture as erudite scholars, deluding themselves into believing they surpass others in wisdom.

This chapter constructs the core framework of Daoist cognitive philosophy through the lens of “knowing”:

• Acknowledging ignorance as the starting point of wisdom;
• Shattering complacency as the critical breakthrough;
• Constant refinement as the ultimate path, culminating in the harmonious realm of unity with the Dao.

Further Reading

• Chapter 20: These two chapters share a common thread in their attitude of humility. Chapter 20 presents “the mind of a fool is mine, indeed!” demonstrating a humility akin to “great wisdom appearing foolish.” This chapter further elaborates that “to know you do not know is best,” emphasizing that recognizing what one does not know represents the highest understanding. Both embody a reverence for the unknown.
• Chapter 78: They resonate with each other in the wisdom of confronting weaknesses. Chapter 78 states, “To bear the disgrace of the state is to be the sovereign,” highlighting that enduring a nation’s humiliation is the responsibility of a ruler. This chapter advocates “regarding flaws as flaws,” meaning to see shortcomings for what they are (to face them directly). This spirit of daring to confront one’s own inadequacies forms the foundation for becoming a sage.

知不知上；不知知病。夫唯病病，是以不病。聖人不病，以其病病，是以不病。