The Master said, “In ancient times, scholars studied to cultivate themselves; nowadays, scholars study to impress others.”
Note
This statement from the Analects of Confucius reveals his core view on the purpose of learning and his critique of contemporary social trends.
- “Studying for oneself” does not mean selfishness, but rather that true learning aims at inner moral cultivation – using study to understand principle, refine one’s character, and practice the Way, thereby becoming a virtuous and wise person. This kind of learning is inward-directed and focused on self-transformation.
- “Studying for others” means treating knowledge as a tool for show – to gain office, win praise, or build reputation. Such learning is outward-oriented, performative, and driven by utility.
By contrasting past and present, Confucius laments the loss of authentic scholarly spirit. He insists that genuine learning must return to its “for oneself” foundation: only when rooted in self-cultivation does knowledge possess moral worth; otherwise, greater learning may lead to greater harm (as seen in those who use eloquence to deceive).
This idea aligns with the Confucian path of “cultivating the self to bring peace to others” and “inner sageliness leading to outer kingliness” – personal virtue must come first before one can benefit society.
In short, Confucius reminds us: the true purpose of learning is to become a better person, not to perform for an audience.
Further Reading
The Master said, “The noble person seeks neither fullness in food nor comfort in dwelling; he is diligent in action and cautious in speech, and draws near to the Way to correct himself. This may be called true love of learning.” Analects 1.14 (Xue Er)
Both emphasize that genuine learning is about moral discipline and self-correction, not external rewards.
The Master said, “To restrain oneself and return to ritual propriety is ren (benevolence).” Analects 12.1 (Yan Yuan)
Reinforces that the goal of learning is self-mastery and alignment with ethical norms – consistent with “studying for oneself.”
The Master said, “The noble person seeks within himself; the petty person seeks from others.” Analects 15.30 (Wei Ling Gong)
Direct parallel – true virtue and learning begin with self-examination, not external validation.
子曰：「古之學者為己，今之學者為人。」
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