The Elder of the River, an anonymous Daoist sage well-versed in Laozi’s thought, dwelt by the Yellow River and wrote a commentary on Dao De Jing. Amid chaotic Warring States strife, he lived in seclusion, kept his virtue intact, and passed his Daoist teachings to An Qisheng.
Mencius claims curbing excessive desires is the finest way to nurture one’s innate good heart. Few desires let people retain most original virtue, while rampant cravings dim one’s inherent moral nature, forming a core Confucian self-cultivation principle.
Mencius distinguishes two sage types: Yao and Shun act virtuously by innate nature, while Tang and Wu regain virtue through self-cultivation. True morality is selfless; gentlemen follow principles and calmly accept fate.
Mencius states fine words carry deep truths through plain speech; sound principles bring wide good with simple rules. Gentlemen cultivate themselves to pacify the world, criticizing those who ignore self-cultivation yet harshly demand virtue from others.
Mencius stresses self-clarity first: virtuous people gain full understanding themselves before enlightening others. He criticizes those confused yet eager to guide others, highlighting self-cultivation as the foundation of teaching and governance.
Mencius stresses self-exemplification. If one fails to live by the moral Way, even his spouse and children won’t follow it; commanding others against the Way makes one’s orders unheeded at home, proving self-cultivation is the root of leadership.
Mencius uses craftsmen as a metaphor: teachers can pass on basic rules and standards, yet cannot grant innate masterful skill. True proficiency relies on learners’ own diligent practice, personal insight and active self-cultivation.
Mencius warns against abandoning core morals or neglecting dear ones, as such lapses spread to all conduct. He also states that those who rush forward hastily will retreat quickly, stressing steady, gradual self-cultivation.
Mencius lists five teaching approaches for gentlemen: transformative timely rain influence, nurturing virtue, developing talents, answering queries, and remote self-study inspired by a master’s legacy, covering diverse forms of tailored education.