Analects 2.10
The Master said, “Look closely into his aims, observe the means by which he pursues them, discover what brings him content – and can the man’s real worth remain hidden from you, can it remain hidden from you?”
子曰：「視其所以，觀其所由，察其所安。人焉廋哉？人焉廋哉？」
Notes
Here Confucius proposed a method for discerning character:
- Observe the means he employs,
- Examine his reason/incentive,
- Consider what truly fulfills him.
By holistically evaluating a person’s motivations, methods, and ultimate aspirations, one pierces through appearances to perceive their true nature. This reflects Confucianism’s emphasis on ‘knowing others’ and embodies profound cognitive wisdom — genuine understanding requires integrating actions, processes, and inner pursuits, transcending superficial judgments.
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