Mencius draws a parallel: ample wealth safeguards people through famines, while abundant inner virtue shields one from moral confusion amid chaotic, corrupt eras, highlighting spiritual cultivation as humanity’s lasting anchor.
Mencius states true friendship centers on virtue, free from status, age or power. He cites nobles and rulers treating virtuous men as equals, arguing genuine respect from lords means granting them political authority, balancing honoring superiors and worthy subordinates.
Confucius criticizes hypocrites who look stern yet cowardly inside, comparing them to sneaky wall thieves. He stresses sincerity and consistency between inner virtue and outward bearing, condemning hollow posturing that lacks genuine moral fortitude.
Sun Tzu puts forward five key elements to assess warfare: morality, heaven, earth, commandership and discipline. Leaders should compare both sides’ strengths based on these factors to fully analyze the real situation before battles.
Han Feizi tells Yang Zhu learned beauty fades with arrogance, while modesty makes plainness admired.