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Introduction: This article covers the civilian Righteous Armies that resisted the Jin invaders after the Jingkang Humiliation. Led by Wang Yan, Yue Fei and others, they waged guerrilla warfare to defend northern territories. Despite their bravery, the Southern Song court’s appeasement policy left them without support, yet their spirit of resistance endured.
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Duke Wen of Teng asked Mencius: “Teng is a small state. We’ve exhausted every effort to serve the large states, yet we still cannot escape their aggression. What should we do?”