Records of the Grand Historian

  • Why did Yan Ying reject Confucius?

    This article explains why pragmatic statesman Yan Ying blocked Duke Jing of Qi’s appointment of Confucius. He criticized Confucian complex rituals, costly lavish burials, impractical scholars, and abstract theories, clashing ideal Confucian ritual governance with Qi’s frugal, down-to-earth ruling demands.

  • Sàng Jiā Zhī Quǎn (丧家之犬)

    Basic Information Chinese Idiom: 丧家之犬Pinyin: sàng jiā zhī quǎnLiteral Meaning: A homeless dog / a dog from a household in mourningFigurative Meaning: A person who has lost their backers, has nowhere to take shelter, and wanders around in a miserable, desperate state.

  • Yùn Chóu Wéi Wò (运筹帷幄)

    Basic Information Chinese Idiom: 运筹帷幄Pinyin: yùn chóu wéi wòLiteral Meaning: Devise strategies inside the military tent.Figurative Meaning: Formulate clever plans and make vital strategic decisions behind the scenes, without needing to fight on the front line. It also generally refers to taking charge of major affairs and laying out core policies.

  • Divide the United Enemy: Chen Ping’s Alienation Stratagem

    Among the Twelve Deceptive Stratagems recorded in The Art of War · Initial Estimations, Sun Tzu put forward a lethal psychological warfare tactic: Divide the united enemy (親而離之).

  • Sun Tzu’s Stratagem of “Irritate the Enemy” and Two Classic Historical Lessons

    This article explains Sun Tzu’s tactic of provoking hot-tempered foes. Two contrasts: Cao Jiu lost Chenggao after being insulted into reckless battle, while Sima Yi stayed calm amid humiliating gifts and outlasted Zhuge Liang, proving emotional control wins wars.

  • Feigning Inaction: The Perilous Trap of the Baideng Siege

    This article illustrates Sun Tzu’s tactic “feign inaction when ready to strike” via the Baideng Siege. Modu hid elite troops and showed weaklings, trapping Emperor Gaozu for seven days, a warning against mistaking feigned vulnerability for true weakness.

  • The Art of Deception: Sun Bin’s Masterpiece at Maling

    This article analyzes Sun Bin’s classic deception at the Battle of Maling. He reduced cooking stoves daily to feign desertion, luring arrogant Pang Juan into an ambush. It perfectly embodies Sun Tzu’s maxim of hiding strength to manipulate foes psychologically.

  • The Legend of Shi Yan and the Birth of Decadent Music

    This legend records musician Shi Yan forced by tyrant King Zhou of Shang to create decadent licentious tunes. Blamed for the dynasty’s fall, he drowned himself by Pu River. Centuries later, ghostly melodies of his music were heard there, recorded in ancient historical texts.

  • Tù Sǐ Gǒu Pēng (兔死狗烹)

    Basic Information Chinese Idiom: 兔死狗烹Pinyin: tù sǐ gǒu pēngLiteral Meaning: After all hares are hunted down, the hunting hounds are boiled and eaten.Figurative Meaning: Once a goal is accomplished, those who were used to achieve it are abandoned or even eliminated. It mainly refers to persecuting loyal and meritorious people. Cultural Background This idiom…