recluses

  • Chapter 16: Cultivating Nature (Shan Xing)

    This Zhuangzi ‑ Shanxing excerpt criticizes vulgar learning that distorts innate nature. It traces gradual decline of primordial Supreme‑Unity, urging inner tranquility and valuing true joy over fleeting worldly rank.

  • The Analects – Chapter 18.8

    Confucius assesses three types of ancient recluses with distinct moral stances. Unlike them, he holds no rigid fixed choices – he acts flexibly according to righteousness, embodying the supreme Confucian wisdom of timely adaptation and the Doctrine of the Mean.