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The course of history is not entirely determined by heroic figures; the actions and choices of ordinary people also influence the historical process to varying degrees. In the Three Kingdoms period, two insignificant figures even shattered two chances to alter the Han Dynasty’s fate.
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Qin Qingtong is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and does not appear in other historical records. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Qin Qingtong was a servant in Dong Cheng’s household. He overheard Dong Cheng and other intriguers discussing a secret plan possibly against Cao Cao.
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After Cao Cao moved the capital to Xuxian and welcomed Emperor Xian, tensions arose between them. The emperor wrote an edict in blood, sewed it into a girdle, and secretly passed it to Dong Cheng. Dong Cheng claimed to have received the secret edict and gathered allies in an attempt to assassinate Cao Cao.…
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In 199 AD, after suppressing unrest in Henei, Cao Cao stationed his troops at Aocang. Why did he choose to garrison his forces at Aocang near Luoyang instead of returning directly to Xudu?
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The “Girdle Edict” or “Girdle Decree” incident is a core plot in chapters 20 to 24 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It depicts Emperor Xian of Han’s secret plan to resist Cao Cao’s control, symbolizing the intensified conflict between imperial power and powerful ministers in the late Han dynasty. The plot was eventually…
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In early 194 AD, Cao Cao launched his second punitive expedition against Xuzhou, targeting Tao Qian, whom he blamed for the murder of his father, Cao Song. His forces advanced deep into Xuzhou, capturing cities and inflicting heavy casualties.
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After Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Wang Yun and Lü Bu, his former generals—Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji, and Fan Chou—stationed in Shan County east of Chang’an, were on the verge of collapse. It was Jia Xu who advised them to unite and strike back, warning that surrender would mean certain death.
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Today, let’s explore the truth behind the 18 warlords or vassals who, according to Romance of the Three Kingdoms, united to overthrow the tyrant Dong Zhuo.