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Following the catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Guandu (200 CE), Yuan Shao refused to accept his fate. In a final attempt to reclaim dominance, he rallied a massive force – some 200,000 to 300,000 troops – and marched once more against Cao Cao. Yet this campaign at Cangting, dramatized in Chapter 31 of…
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The Battle of Cangting (201 CE) was indeed a real military engagement between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao following the pivotal Battle of Guandu. However, while historical sources confirm its occurrence, they offer only sparse details – far removed from the dramatic, large-scale confrontation vividly depicted in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
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Though Romance of the Three Kingdoms introduces Liao Hua in Chapter 27 as a former Yellow Turban bandit, historical records paint a starkly different—and far more distinguished—portrait.
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Luo Guanzhong, author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, crafted a dramatic “assassination attempt against Dong Zhuo” specifically to highlight Cao Cao’s boldness, cunning, and adaptability. Although unsuccessful, Cao Cao’s spirit in attempting to eliminate a traitor for the nation is highly commendable.
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The course of history is not entirely determined by heroic figures; the actions and choices of ordinary people also influence the historical process to varying degrees. In the Three Kingdoms period, two insignificant figures even shattered two chances to alter the Han Dynasty’s fate.
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In a previous article, we discussed why Chen Gong betrayed Cao Cao. Today, let’s explore why Zhang Miao was also persuaded to join the rebellion and betray Cao Cao.
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Chen Gong played a crucial role in Cao Cao’s early rise to power. When Liu Dai, the Inspector of Yan Province(Yanzhou), was killed in battle against the Yellow Turban rebels in 192 AD, a power vacuum emerged. Chen Gong, a native scholar-official of Yan Province and a man of high moral standing, took decisive…