independent character

  • The Analects – Chapter 18.4

    Lu’s minister Ji Huanzi accepted female entertainers from Qi and skipped court for three days. Disappointed by this neglect of state affairs and broken rituals, Confucius resigned immediately, refusing to stay in a corrupted court where his moral ideals could not be realized.

  • The Analects – Chapter 18.3

    Duke Jing of Qi planned to offer Confucius a middle-tier official rank but later declined to employ him, claiming old age. Confucius left Qi at once, refusing a powerless post and upholding his dignity to seek a ruler willing to fully implement his moral ideals.

  • The Analects – Chapter 18.2

    Liu Xia Hui was repeatedly dismissed as judge for upholding upright principles. He refused to flee his homeland: compromising morality would make leaving pointless, while sticking to integrity brings setbacks everywhere. The passage praises his unyielding moral integrity and devotion to his native state.