Duke Huan of Qi was one of the most famous overlords in China’s Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC). He became the ruler of the State of Qi at a young age. He was open‑minded and willing to accept good advice. He appointed a wise prime minister named Guan Zhong and trusted him fully.…
This article examines the tragic reign of Duke Xiang of Song, a cautionary figure from the Spring and Autumn period. It recounts his fatal adherence to “chivalrous” warfare during the Battle of the Hong River (638 BCE), where he refused to attack the Chu army while crossing the river or forming ranks, citing benevolence.…
This article recounts the Battle of Changshao (684 BCE) between the states of Qi and Lu. It details how Duke Huan of Qi, ignoring Guan Zhong’s advice, launched an invasion to prove his strength. Facing the formidable Qi army, Duke Zhuang of Lu appointed the commoner Cao Gui as commander. The narrative highlights Cao…