Han Fei argues true courage comes from compassion. Careful thought rooted in concern leads to wise, fearless action.
Han Fei uses the elephant-bone analogy: the invisible Dao is known through its tangible effects, just as an elephant is imagined from its bones.
Han Fei explains the Dao as the universal, formless law embracing all specific principles. It governs life, death, success and failure neutrally.
Han Fei teaches that unchecked desire clouds judgment, breeds evil, and brings misfortune. Sages practice restraint; contentment avoids harm.
Han Fei warns: rulers abandoning the Dao become tyrants. Oppression and endless war drain resources, forcing civilian horses into military service.
This passage from Han Feizi explains Legalist governance. A virtuous ruler pursues peace via ritual diplomacy, prioritizes agriculture, curbs extravagance, and turns war horses to farm work, embodying “retire war-horses to fertilize fields.”