governance

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.5

    This Legalist excerpt from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.5 warns against ministers’ extreme virtues and ruler’s unrestrained favors. It condemns factional cliques, urging rulers to manage officials via statecraft instead of personal moral judgment.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.10

    This Legalist excerpt from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.10 offers assorted anecdotes. It advocates merit‑based appointments and factual inspection, cautioning rulers against deceptive slander and influence from palace attendants.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.4

    This Legalist excerpt from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.4 warns inverted rewards punishments breed chaos. Rulers must objectively inspect ministers, illustrated by short fables criticizing ineffective and misguided governance.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.9

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.9 Legalist excerpt collects diverse short tales. It stresses strict ritual‑political hierarchy between superiors and subordinates, warning against reversed noble‑base order which may bring political ruin.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.3

    This Legalist excerpt from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.3 uses two historical allusions. It argues political order relies on strict ruler minister hierarchy and clear separation between formal court affairs and private leisure, not personal virtue alone.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.8

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.8 Legalist excerpt presents four historical tales. It advocates checks‑and‑balances and statecraft, warning rulers against blind personal trust in ministers, even the seemingly loyal ones.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.2

    This Legalist passage from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.2 argues rulers should rely on authority and statecraft rather than personal trust. Proper rewards and punishments can make even morally‑questionable ministers serve state interests.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.7

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.7 Legalist passage presents several tales. It stresses fair legal judgments and matching rewards strictly to merit, exemplified by Zi Gao’s case and Shao Shizhou’s recommendation.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 33.1

    This Legalist excerpt from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 33.1 uses short historical cases. It advocates impartial rewards‑punishments based on merit, warning mismatched official appointments harm stable ruler‑minister relations.