Mencius states merely feeding others without affection is like raising pigs; affection without respect equals keeping beasts. Genuine respect precedes gifts; hollow polite formalities without sincerity cannot bind a true gentleman.
Mencius stresses shame as humanity’s moral baseline. Feeling ashamed of shamelessness awakens one’s conscience and eliminates disgrace. This teaching criticizes utilitarian, unscrupulous Warring States scholars and advocates inner integrity.
Zixia depicts three distinct impressions of a gentleman: dignified from afar, warm when close, and rigorous yet principled in speech. This blend of solemnity, benevolence and uncompromising standards embodies balanced, well-rounded Confucian moral cultivation.
The poor man sweeps his floor until it is spotless. The poor woman combs her hair until it is neat and tidy. Neither produces a wonderful sight, but these actions bespeak a sensibility of elegance.