This Zhuangzi ‑ Xu Wugui chapter contains varied parables, including the horse‑herding boy’s governance advice and Huizi‑craftsman‑shi anecdote. It critiques forced benevolence, arrogance and rigid doctrinal disputation.
Bei Yi (or Pi Yi) was a man from the time of Emperor Yao. Yao’s teacher was Xu You; Xu You’s teacher was Nie Que; Nie Que’s teacher was Wang Ni; and Wang Ni’s teacher was Bei Yi.