Bayan

  • The Last Reform: Toghon Temür and the Rise and Fall of Toghto [Song & Yuan]

    This article covers the final reform of the Yuan Dynasty. Emperor Toghon Temür and Prime Minister Toghto overthrew tyranny, revived exams, and fixed the Yellow River. But court intrigue and a seduction plot turned the emperor corrupt. Toghto was framed and killed; the army collapsed. The last hope for Yuan was gone.

  • The Fall of the Song at Yamen [Song & Yuan]

    This article tells the final fall of the Southern Song at the Battle of Yamen. After Lin’an surrendered, loyalists Zhang Shijie, Wen Tianxiang, and Lu Xiufu fought on. In 1279, the Yuan navy defeated the Song fleet. Lu Xiufu drowned with the child emperor, ending the 319‑year Song Dynasty.