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Following the pivotal Battle of Red Cliffs (208 CE), the alliance between Sun Quan and Liu Bei had successfully repelled Cao Cao’s southern advance. However, victory left a complex territorial puzzle. While Cao Cao retained control of northern Jing Province, the southern portion – especially the critical commandery of Nan Commandery (Nanjun) centered on…
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The popular saying – “Liu Bei borrowed Jing Province and never returned” – is deeply entrenched in Chinese folklore, largely due to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Yet historical records tell a far more nuanced story. In fact, the very notion of “borrowing Jingzhou” is something of a misleading construct, if not a…
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Chapter 50 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms – titled “Guan Yu Releases Cao Cao at Huarong Trail” – concludes the epic Battle of Red Cliffs not with a final blow, but with an act of moral complexity that reshapes history.
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Chapter 49 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms – titled “Zhuge Liang Borrows the Eastern Wind; Zhou Yu Launches the Fire Attack” – marks the dramatic climax of the Battle of Red Cliffs, where meteorology, mysticism, and military genius converge to shatter Cao Cao’s dream of unification.
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In the autumn of 208 CE, as Cao Cao’s massive army marched southward to unify China under his rule, the fate of the realm hung in the balance.
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In the popular imagination shaped by Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Pang Tong – the “Young Phoenix” – is forever linked to one of the most iconic ruses in Chinese military history: the Chain Stratagem.
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Kan Ze (courtesy name De Run) was born in Shanyin, Kuaiji Commandery – modern-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang – into a family of modest means. Unlike many elite officials of his time, he had no inherited privilege. To pursue learning, he copied borrowed books by hand, demonstrating extraordinary diligence. This early discipline laid the foundation for…
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In Chapter 44 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, titled “Zhuge Liang Uses Wit to Provoke Zhou Yu,” one of the novel’s most celebrated episodes unfolds. Seeking to solidify the fragile Sun-Liu alliance against Cao Cao on the eve of the Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhuge Liang employs a daring rhetorical gambit: he deliberately…