• Mencius – Chapter 13.25

    Mencius draws a sharp contrast: diligent people pursuing goodness follow Sage Shun, while those chasing profit resemble bandit Zhi. The core divide between noble and base lies solely in one’s inner motive: virtue or self-interest.

  • Mencius – Chapter 13.24

    Mencius uses vivid metaphors: higher vistas broaden one’s mind, and sage learning overshadows trivial doctrines. Like water filling hollows before flowing, moral seekers must steadily accumulate virtue and knowledge to reach full attainment.

  • Mencius – Chapter 13.23

    Mencius advocates light taxes and seasonal, moderate consumption to enrich people. If grain becomes as abundant as freely shared water and fire, material security will naturally foster benevolence among all common folk.

  • Mencius – Chapter 13.22

    Mencius praises King Wen’s benevolent governance centered on supporting elders. Fair land policies, sericulture and livestock farming secure seniors’ silk and meat. Wise rulers caring for the aged draw virtuous men to their realms.

  • Mencius – Chapter 13.21

    Mencius distinguishes secular desires, worldly joys and unchanging inner nature. Benevolence, righteousness, ritual and wisdom rooted in the heart stay steady through success or poverty, shining naturally in one’s bearing and gestures.

  • Mencius – Chapter 13.20

    Mencius names three supreme joys for gentlemen, excluding worldly kingship: intact family, a clear conscience with no shame before heaven and men, and nurturing talented pupils to carry forward moral truths.