• Han Feizi – Chapter 20.17

    This Han Feizi passage uses the tree-root metaphor. The Dao is the state’s mother; virtue as taproot ensures long life and enduring rule.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.16

    This Han Feizi excerpt argues rulers must embody the Dao. Gaining deep wisdom and hidden limits secures both state and self.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.15

    This Han Feizi passage links calm mind and empty senses to virtue accumulation. Virtue brings harmony, wisdom, mastery, victory, and boundless power.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.14

    This Han Feizi passage contrasts restless extravagance with calm frugality. Sages conserve spirit, follow the Dao early, and avoid misfortune.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.13

    This Han Feizi passage stresses frugality of mind and senses. Overusing sight, hearing or intellect causes harm; conserving spirit preserves health and wisdom.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 20.12

    This Han Feizi passage teaches virtuous restraint. Sages uphold uprightness, integrity, justice, and dignity without harshness, avoiding conflict to survive wisely.