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The Snowy Night Assault on Caizhou [Sui & Tang]
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Brief: This article tells the legendary Snowy Night Assault on Caizhou during the Tang Dynasty. To suppress the Huaixi rebellion, Emperor Xianzong appointed General Li Su, who used deception to win over defectors. With Chancellor Pei Du’s support, Li Su launched a surprise attack in a blizzard, capturing rebel leader Wu Yuanji and ending the long‑standing…
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The Silent Emperor and the Fleeting Reform [Sui & Tang]
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Brief: This article tells the short-lived Yongzhen Reform under the mute Emperor Shunzong of Tang. After Emperor Dezong empowered corrupt eunuchs, the paralyzed Shunzong and his ministers launched bold reforms to end exploitation. However, eunuchs and warlords staged a coup, forcing abdication. The reform collapsed, exiling its leaders, yet it paved the way for…
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Liu Yuxi
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Liu Yuxi (772–842 CE) was a prominent literatus and poet of the Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Mengde, and he was a native of Luoyang (in present-day Henan Province).
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Liu Zongyuan
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Liu Zongyuan (773–819 CE) was a distinguished literary figure, philosopher, and political reformer of the Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Zihou, and he was a native of Jiezhou, Hedong (modern-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), for which he was commonly known as “Liu of Hedong” (Liu Hedong).
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The Edict of Self-Reflection: Emperor Dezong’s Crisis and Redemption [Sui & Tang]
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Brief: This article recounts Emperor Dezong’s turbulent reign. His attempt to crush warlords triggered widespread rebellions and the Jingyuan Mutiny, forcing him to flee Chang’an. On Lu Zhi’s advice, he issued a sincere Edict of Self‑Reflection, which pacified most rebels. Though order was restored, the crisis weakened the Tang and shaped Dezong’s later rule.