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The Analects – Chapter 18.1
Confucius names Weizi, Jizi and Bigan the three benevolent men of the Shang. Though they took vastly different paths—fleeing, feigning madness, dying in remonstrance—all acted out of loyal care for their state, showing benevolence allows flexible expedient choices.
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Mencius – Chapter 10.9
Mencius distinguishes royal kinsmen ministers from unrelated ones. Kinsmen may replace a repeatedly unrepentant ruler after remonstrance, while outsider ministers resign if their earnest advice fails, stressing different political duties tied to blood bonds.
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Mencius – Chapter 10.8
Mencius describes expanding friendship from local to global virtuous scholars, then “befriending ancient sages” spiritually. He puts forward the literary critical principle: readers must grasp writers’ lives and their eras to fully understand their poems and books.
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Mencius – Chapter 10.6
Mencius argues scholars must not attach to lords as dependents. They may accept ruler’s relief but not unearned personal gifts. True respect for worthies means steady material support plus official power, not frequent trivial favors that humiliate virtuous men like Zisi.