Chapter 70: Orders and Commands (Hao Ling)
I. The Way of Securing the State
The way to secure a state begins with making proper use of the land. When the land is put to its proper use, success is achieved; when the land is not properly utilized, there is toil but no result. The same applies to people. If preparations are not made in advance, there is no way to ensure the safety of the ruler. When officers, soldiers, and common people are divided in heart, the fault lies with their commanders and chiefs. All rewards, punishments, and governance must proceed from the princes and lords.
Frequently send men to comfort and reward those who guard the frontier passes and fortresses, those who endure hardship in defending against the barbarians. Take stock of whether the provisions of the defending soldiers are sufficient or lacking, whether the terrain is suitable for frontier defense, and whether their equipment is always abundant. In frontier counties and towns, if the trees are poor, use less wood; if fields are not cleared, there will be little food; if there are no large buildings or thatched roofs, use less mulberry. Where there is much wealth, the people are fond of good food.
Establish internal identification documents and internal walkways. Place equipment and provisions upon them. Officers, soldiers, and cooks on the city walls shall all have quarters within the roads, each in their designated section. Assign twelve men per unit, and one officer in charge of provisions called the “Provision Officer,” to supervise all gates. Gate guards and those with defensive duties shall not allow idle persons to loiter nearby. Those who disobey shall be executed.
When the enemy arrives, for a city of a thousandzhang in circumference, one must go out to meet them beyond the outer wall – this benefits the defender. If the city is less than a thousandzhang, do not go out to meet them. Observe the enemy’s position, whether they are few or many, and respond accordingly. This is the general principle of city defense. Matters not covered here must be decided by combining strategy with human affairs. In all city defense, the priority is to inflict casualties on the enemy as quickly as possible. Those who prolong the siege day by day waiting for reinforcements do not understand defense. Only those who cannot do this will need to defend the city (i.e., those who understand defense will strike decisively).
II. Methods of City Defense
When defending a city, if the enemy is more than a hundredli from the town, the city commander shall summon all officers of the five departments and all centurions. The relatives of wealthy families and important households shall be lodged in government offices, with trusted guards carefully assigned to protect them – secrecy being the priority.
When the enemy approaches the walls, the commander’s camp shall have no fewer than three hundred men. The commanders of the four sides and four gates must be selected from meritorious officers and the descendants of those who died in service. Each shall have a hundred followers. Gate commanders shall also defend other gates. Above other gates, tall towers must be built on both sides, with skilled archers stationed there. One person shall guard the outer wall and the rampart – this person shall be the son of an important household.
III. Patrols, Identification, and Punishments
Strike once every fifty paces. Divide the city into eight districts by neighborhoods, with one officer per district, each followed by four men, to patrol the main streets and lanes. Divide each neighborhood into four sections, with one chief per section, to scrutinize those who come and go at improper times or behave suspiciously, in order to detect traitors. Officers with four or more soldiers who hold rank must be given identification tallies by the general. When the general sends men on patrol, they must carry identification tallies. If the tallies do not match or the passwords do not correspond, officers of the rank ofbozhang and above shall stop them and report to the general. Those who should be stopped but are not, and the officers and soldiers who let them pass, shall all be executed. All crimes punishable by death or above shall extend to parents, wives, children, and siblings.
IV. City Wall Armament
All men and women assigned to the city walls: six out of ten shall carry crossbows, four shall carry other weapons. Able-bodied women, the old and the young – each person shall have one spear.
V. Emergency Discipline
When soldiers encounter an emergency, the central army shall beat the drum rapidly three times. No one shall walk on the city wall roads or in the lanes and streets of the neighborhoods. Those who walk shall be executed. When women approach the main army, men shall walk on the left, women on the right; no walking side by side. All shall proceed to their posts. Those who disobey shall be executed. Those who leave their posts shall be publicly paraded every three days – this is how treachery is prevented.
The neighborhood chief and all defenders shall keep watch at the neighborhood gates day and night. Officers shall patrol their districts. When they arrive at the neighborhood gate, the chief shall open the gate and admit the officer, and accompany him to inspect the old men’s guard posts and all remote, deserted alleys. Traitors who conspire to betray the city shall be torn apart by chariots (dismemberment). If the chief, the old men, and the district officers fail to detect them, they shall all be executed. If they capture them, they shall be pardoned and rewarded with gold – two yi (about 480 grams) per person.
The general shall send men to patrol the defenses. On long nights, patrol five times; on short nights, three times. Officers on all four sides shall also patrol their own sectors, just as the general does. Those who disobey shall be executed.
VI. Fire Prevention
All hearths must have screens. Chimney flues must extend four feet above the roof. Be extremely careful – no one shall dare cause a fire. The person who starts a fire shall be executed. If the fire is started deliberately as an act of sabotage, the offender shall be torn apart by chariots. If the five-man unit fails to detect it, they shall be executed. If they detect it, they shall be pardoned.
Those who fight fires shall not make noise. Those who leave their posts to fight fires in isolated alleys shall be executed. The chiefs and old men who have charge of that lane or district officer may join in fighting the fire. The district officer shall immediately send someone to report to the general. The general shall send trusted men to lead those on the left and right to help. If the district officer fails to report, he shall be executed. Women who commit capital crimes or are implicated in fires shall not be exempt – those who use fire to create disorder shall be punished according to the law.
VII. Strict Prohibitions During Siege
The strict prohibitions during a siege: when the enemy suddenly arrives, strict orders shall be given to officers – no one shall dare to make noise, show the “three worst signs” (panic, hesitation, retreat), advance without orders, look at each other and sit down weeping, shed tears or gaze about, raise hands to signal each other, point at each other, call out to each other, wave to each other, follow each other’s heels, throw things at each other, strike each other, rub against each other’s persons or clothing, or engage in verbal disputes.
Those who, without orders, observe the enemy’s movements shall be executed. If the five-man unit fails to detect it, they shall be executed. If they detect it, they shall be pardoned. If someone from a five-man unit defects to the enemy, the other members of the unit who fail to detect it shall be executed. If someone defects with abo (squad leader), the company officer shall be executed. If someone defects with an officer, the team commander shall be executed. The parents, wives, children, and siblings of those who defect to the enemy shall all be torn apart by chariots. If the defection is detected in advance, they shall be pardoned. When facing the enemy at one’s post, leaving one’s position shall be punished by execution. If the five-man unit fails to detect it, they shall be executed. If they detect it, they shall be pardoned.
VIII. Rewards for Valor
Those who fight fiercely and drive the enemy back from the streets, so that the enemy cannot climb back up, shall have two men from the team rewarded with superior rations. When the siege is lifted and the city wall is more than oneli in circumference, the city commander shall be enfeoffed with thirtyli of land as a Marquis Within the Passes (Guannei Hou). The assistant commander shall be rewarded as a Chief Minister. The deputy and officers of equivalent rank shall be granted the rank of Fifth-Rank Noble (Wu Dafu). Officers, local heroes, and those who participated in planning the steadfast defense – ten such persons, and officers on the wall equivalent to the five-department officers – shall all be granted the rank of Gongcheng (Eighth Rank).
Men who served on the defense shall each receive two ranks. Women shall each be given five thousand cash. Men, women, old and young who were previously assigned defense duties shall each receive one thousand cash, and be exempted from corvée and taxes for three years. This is how officers and people are encouraged to hold fast and break the siege.
IX. Gate Guards and Internal Security
Officers and soldiers guarding the main gate shall be no more than two per shift. The brave shall be placed in the front ranks. They shall sit in units of five, each knowing the men to his left, right, front, and rear. Leaving one’s post without authorization shall be punished by execution.
The Gate Commandant shall inspect three times by day, and once at night when the drum sounds and the gate is closed. The commander shall send men at intervals to check, recording the names of absentees. All meals shall be taken at the post; eating outside is forbidden.
The commander must carefully and subtly observe the attendants, shield-bearers, personal servants (zhongjuan), and women in attendance – their intentions, expressions, words, and requests. When food and drink are brought to the commander, someone must taste them first. If they are not presented properly, strike them and demand an explanation.
If the commander is displeased with any attendant, shield-bearer, personal servant, or woman in attendance, the commander may say “cut him off,” “strike him,” or “bind him.” Those who fail to comply or who bind someone after the order shall be cut off. These rules must be made clear in advance through regular warnings.
Those who stand or sit at the gates morning and evening shall be arranged by age, with the most meritorious and capable given priority on the right. The rest shall stand in order of seniority. Every five days, each office shall report one person who is frivolous, undignified in conduct, or fond of bullying others.
X. Handling Visitors and Guest Troops
When scholars, outsiders, or envoys arrive, they must be taken into custody. When the commander goes out and returns, or tours the counties, he must send a trusted man ahead to warn the quarters. Only then shall the rooms open to receive him. The gate guards shall admit him, and only then shall he enter his quarters.
Those who serve below must always watch those above and follow them. The pine tree does not follow what is above it (i.e., subordinates follow superiors, not the reverse).
Guest soldiers guarding the host, or those assigned to guard duty – the host must also guard the guest soldiers. Among the garrison troops in the city, if their home district has been overrun by bandits, guard them carefully. Frequently check their rosters. Do not allow men from the same district to share the same post.
Establish identification tallies with the gate officers. If the tally matches, admit them, comfort and reward them. If the tally does not match, detain them and report to the commander. Those on the city wall whose clothing or other items do not comply with regulations shall be dealt with accordingly.
XI. Drums, Signals, and Curfew
The night drum shall be kept at the main gate. At dusk, if a rider or envoy bearing a tally comes to close the gate, they shall all be taken into custody. At the evening drum – ten beats – all gates and watchtowers shall be closed. Those who walk about shall be stopped. One must beat the drum and demand the reason for travel before allowing them to proceed or punishing them.
At dawn, the drum officer shall sound the drum and allow travelers to pass. The officers of each city gate shall each bring in the keys. Once the gate is opened, the keys shall immediately be returned. Those with tallies and credentials are exempt from this rule.
When bandits arrive, the tower drum shall sound five beats, followed by the perimeter drum, and then various small drums shall respond. After five beats of the small drum, all troops shall cease movement. Orders must inspire sufficient fear, rewards must offer sufficient profit, and commands must be carried out. Whenever an order is issued, someone shall follow to inspect whether it can or cannot be implemented.
There shall be evening passwords. Those who fail to give the password shall be stopped. Establish defensive regulations and post them with the title “Such-and-Such Regulation” at street intersections, steps, and gates, so that all who pass may read and follow them.
Any officer, soldier, or commoner who plots to harm his commander or chief shall be punished as for rebellion. Anyone who can capture or report such a plot shall be rewarded with twentyjin of gold. Punishments must be strictly enforced.
Those who take on duties not within their jurisdiction, or handle matters they are not authorized to handle, shall be stopped. Officers, soldiers, or commoners who enter another’s district without authorization shall be arrested and handed over to the Metropolitan Commandant or the Marquis, who shall report to the commander. Those who fail to arrest and instead release them without authority shall be stopped (executed).
Anyone who can capture a plotter, a city-seller, or someone who scales the wall to join the enemy – one such person – may, by regulation, have the death penalty commuted for two persons, or the hard-labor sentence commuted for four persons. Those who turn the city over and abandon their parents to flee – their parents, wives, and children shall be punished.
XII. Census of Materials
Take a full census of all timber, tiles, and stones in private homes. Record their length, size, and quantity. If this census is required but not conducted, the officer is guilty.
All soldiers and civilians living on the city wall shall guarantee their neighbors on left and right. If a neighbor commits a crime and one does not know of it, the next unit of five bears responsibility. If one personally captures a criminal or reports him to the officers, all shall be rewarded. If one is not in the same unit of five but learns of another unit’s crime first, the reward shall be doubled.
XIII. Accountability of Officials
If the county magistrate, deputy, or commandant absconds and is allowed to enter, for every ten or more persons, the magistrate, deputy, and commandant shall each lose two ranks. For a hundred or more, they shall be dismissed and assigned to garrison duty as common soldiers. All replacements must be selected from among captured enemies.
XIV. Commerce and Communication
Recruit civilians who wish to trade their property, grain, and millet for general equipment. Pay them at market price. If a townsman, acquaintance, or brother has committed a crime – even if not in the county – and wishes to ransom him, or wishes to exempt someone with grain, millet, cash, gold, cloth, silk, or other property, the magistrate shall permit it.
Transmit orders with one person every ten paces. Those who delay transmission or fail to relay orders shall be executed. For all matters that may benefit the defense, urgently relay them in writing to the commander. Officers, soldiers, and commoners who wish to report matters shall urgently request the transmitting officers to bring their report. Those who delay or fail to relay shall be executed.
Each county shall report the number of local heroes, strategists, and respected senior officials residing within its borders.
XV. Fire Mutual Guarantee and Public Order
Officials, soldiers, and civilians – households front, back, left, and right – shall mutually guarantee fire safety. If a fire starts and spreads to a neighbor’s house, the responsible party shall be executed.
Those who use force as a group to bully the weak or young, or who assault women, or who cause disturbances – all shall be executed. (This passage appears duplicated in the original text.)
XVI. Gate and Pass Inspection
At all city gates and watchtowers, carefully inspect the credentials of all who come and go. Those whose credentials are doubtful or who have no credentials shall all be taken to the county court for interrogation about their mission. Those with proper credentials shall be given good lodging in government quarters.
If they have acquaintances or brothers who wish to see them, summon them – but not in the lanes and alleys. The Three Elders and neighborhood guardians shall have the repairmen prepare responses. If others come on business or on minor matters, they shall not enter the neighborhood. The Three Elders shall not enter private homes.
Transmit orders in the neighborhood by feather-arrow dispatch. Feather dispatches are sent in triplicate. Each household shall manage its own affairs within its compound. Those who lose or delay orders shall be executed. Households with members on guard duty shall prepare food for them.
Officers, soldiers, and civilians who enter lanes or government offices without credentials – the officers, Three Elders, and neighborhood guardians who fail to stop them shall all be executed.
XVII. Theft and Concealment
All theft of defensive equipment and property, and mutual theft – if the value is one cash or more – shall be punished by execution.
Officers, soldiers, and civilians shall each write their names in large characters on a board and post it at their station. The commander shall check the roster. Unauthorized entry shall be executed.
On the city wall, once a day, all mats and cushions shall be taken down and aired in alternating fashion. Anyone who conceals and fails to report prohibited items hidden by others shall be executed.
XVIII. Care for the Dead and Wounded
When officers, soldiers, or civilians die, immediately summon their families. The Deputy Minister of Works shall bury them. Do not allow them to sit and weep.
For the severely wounded, allow them to return home for treatment. Have their families care for them well. Provide doctors and medicine. Grant twosheng of wine and twojin of meat per day. Send officers to patrol the lanes regularly to check on the sick. Once recovered, immediately assign them back to duty.
Those who deliberately wound themselves to evade duty shall have their clans destroyed.
After the battle is over, the commander shall personally visit the homes of the dead and wounded to mourn.
XIX. Post-Siege Rewards
When the enemy withdraws and the affair is concluded, perform sacrificial prayers of thanksgiving. The commander shall, by decree, reward the local heroes and all who fought with distinction. He must personally visit the homes of the dead and wounded to mourn, and personally meet the descendants of those who died in service.
After the siege is lifted, the commander shall immediately send envoys to慰劳 the troops. Tally the number of the meritorious and the dead and wounded, and confer ranks and emoluments. The commander shall personally honor and favor them, making their noble status clear, so that their resentment is directed toward the enemy.
XX. Mutual Guarantee and Rewards for Informants
Officers and soldiers on the city wall shall each guarantee their left and right neighbors. If anyone plots to betray the city to the enemy, his parents, wives, children, and siblings shall all be executed. Those on the left and right who know but fail to capture and report shall share the same punishment.
Families in the neighborhoods below the wall shall also mutually guarantee one another, in the same manner as on the wall. Anyone who can capture and report a traitor shall be enfeoffed with a town of a thousand households. If the captor is not a neighbor but someone from another unit of five, he shall be enfeoffed with a town of two thousand households.
XXI. Detailed City Prohibitions
City prohibitions: Envoys, soldiers, and civilians who secretly observe the enemy or signal with flags shall be executed. Those who disobey orders shall be executed. Those who issue unauthorized orders shall be executed. Those who violate orders shall be executed. Those who lean halberds over the wall, going up and down not in formation with the rest, shall be executed. Those who shout without cause shall be executed. Those who fail in overall command shall be executed. Those who praise visitors while disparaging their own side shall be executed. Those who leave their posts to gather and talk shall be executed. Those who, upon hearing the city drum, are the last in their unit to reach their post, shall be executed.
Each person shall write his name in large characters on a board and post it at his station. The commander must personally verify the order of precedence. Those who enter a station that is not their own shall be executed. Those who leave their post and enter another’s station, whose neighbors fail to apprehend them; those who carry private letters, engage in personal requests, or forge letters; those who abandon guard duty to attend to private affairs; soldiers and civilians who steal from each other’s households or infants – all shall be executed without pardon, and their property shall be confiscated.
Those who move through the army without credentials shall be executed. Guests below the city shall have their quarters changed frequently, but their rations shall not be changed.
Those who praise the enemy – calling the few many, calling the disorderly orderly, calling the enemy’s clumsy attack clever – shall be executed. Guests and hosts shall not converse with or lend to each other. If the enemy shoots in a letter, it shall not be praised. If the enemy displays goodwill outwardly, it shall not be responded to. Those who disobey shall all be executed.
It is prohibited to raise arrow-letters or shoot letters at the enemy. Those who violate this order – their parents and wives shall all be executed, and their own bodies shall be displayed with the head on the city wall. Anyone who can capture and report such offenders shall be rewarded with twentyjin of gold.
Travel at unauthorized times is permitted only for the commander and envoys bearing the commander’s tally.
XXII. The Commander’s Entry and Internal Reconciliation
When the commander enters the city, he must first carefully inquire among the elders, officers, and grand masters whether there are any unresolved feuds or grudges. Summon the parties involved and openly mediate between them. The commander must set these people apart and register them, isolating them. If anyone harms the city or official affairs out of private resentment, his parents and wives shall be executed.
Those who plot to betray the city to outsiders shall have their three clans destroyed. Anyone who can capture or report them shall be enfeoffed according to the size of the city they defended. The commander shall personally confer the seal, honor and shall be enfeoffed according to the size of the city they defended. The commander shall personally confer the seal of office, honor and favor them, and appoint them to official positions, so that all officers, grand masters, soldiers, and common people may clearly know of it.
Among the local heroes, those who have frequent dealings with feudal lords beyond the borders shall be summoned regularly so that the superior may be aware, and they shall be carefully kept under control. The local officials shall repeatedly select and assign attendants to them, and they shall not be allowed to enter or leave at will; their relatives shall be held as hostages. The elders of the townships, the parents and wives of the local heroes, shall all be honored and respected. Those who are so poor that they cannot support themselves shall be provided with food by the government. The parents, relatives, and wives of the brave warriors shall all be given wine and meat at regular intervals, and they must be treated with reverence. Their quarters shall be arranged close to the commander.
The commander’s tower shall overlook the hostage palace and closely surround it. The tower must be sealed and plastered so that those below cannot see those above, but those above can see those below. Those below shall not know whether there is anyone above or not.
XXIII. The Commander’s Trusted Personnel and the Baogong System
Among those whom the commander trusts and employs, he shall select officers who are upright, incorruptible, loyal, trustworthy, and free from malice toward others – men to whom important responsibilities may be entrusted. Their food, wine, and meat shall not be restricted. Their money, gold, cloth, silk, and possessions shall each be kept in their own custody; mutual theft is strictly forbidden.
The walls of the Baogong (Hostage Palace) must have three layers. The soldiers on the wall tops shall use tile vessels to reinforce the parapets. The gates shall be guarded by officials; the supervisor shall stand inside the gate. The gate must be locked and closed at all times; entry and exit shall require the commander’s tally. The guards of the Baogong must be selected from among the garrison soldiers – men who are steady and honest. Officers who are loyal, trustworthy, and free from malice toward others shall be carefully chosen for this duty.
XXIV. The General’s Guard and the Management of Augurs
The commander shall order his personal guard to build a wall ten chi high, enclosing the perimeter. No one except the commander’s guard captain shall enter or leave through the gate or side gates.
The dwelling of the augur (qi-watcher) must be located close to the commander; the dwelling of the shaman must be located close to the communal shrine. The spirits must be reverently served. The shamans, prayer-reciters, and augurs must use auspicious words when addressing the people. If they have information to report, they shall report it to the commander, and the commander alone shall know the truth. It is forbidden to spread inauspicious words together with the augurs and alarm the people. Those who violate this order shall be executed without pardon.
XXV. Grain Reserves and Requisition of Materials
When grain supplies are estimated to be insufficient, the people shall each declare the number of shi and sheng of grain in their households, within a prescribed time limit. During the declaration period, officials and commoners shall conduct mixed inspections. When the deadline arrives, those who have concealed or incompletely declared shall be searched by officials and soldiers; if discovered, they shall all be executed. Anyone who captures and reports such offenders shall be rewarded with three-tenths of the confiscated property.
Grain, cloth, silk, money, and gold shall be requisitioned, and livestock shall be surrendered. All shall be assessed at fair market prices, and the owners shall be given written receipts. After the war is over, all shall be repaid at double the original value. Furthermore, ranks may be conferred according to the value and quantity of the property contributed. Those who wish to become officials shall be permitted to do so; those who do not wish to become officials but wish to receive ranks and emoluments, or who wish to redeem the crimes of relatives or acquaintances, shall be allowed to do so according to the regulations. Those who receive rewards shall be arranged to meet their relatives in the Baogong. Those who wish to continue serving their superiors shall receive double ranks and rewards.
For example: in a certain county, in a certain township, a certain household has two members and has accumulated six hundred shi of grain; in a certain township, a certain household has ten members and has accumulated one hundred shi of grain. There shall be a prescribed time limit for the delivery of grain. Those who fail to deliver by the deadline shall have their grain confiscated by the lord. Anyone who captures and reports such offenders shall be rewarded with three-tenths. It is strictly forbidden to let the people know the quantity of the government’s grain stores.
XXVI. The Spy (Houzhe) System
After the commander enters the city, he shall first establish scouts (houzhe). Once discovered, they shall immediately be housed and provided for within the palace, and they shall not be allowed to know the details of our defensive preparations. The scouts shall be given separate quarters; their parents, wives, and children shall all reside within the palace. They shall be given clothing, food, wine, and meat, and reliable officials shall be assigned to treat them well.
The departure and return of scouts shall both be conducted in secret. The guard palace shall have three checkpoints. Watchtowers shall be built at the outer corners, and towers shall also be built within the inner perimeter. The tower shall connect to the Baogong via a covered walkway at a distance of one zhang and five chi. There shall be no private rooms within the Baogong. Mats and cushions shall be distributed once every three days, with a rough inspection. Straw shall be spread on the ground within the palace, at least three chi thick.
When dispatching scouts, one must select men from the townships and villages who are loyal, trustworthy, respectful of scholars, and have relatives and wives. They shall be given generous funds. The dispatch of scouts must be handled with great solemnity. Their parents, wives, and children shall be well provided for, and they shall be given independent quarters, not shared with other personnel. Wine and meat shall be supplied.
Additional scouts shall be dispatched with the same funding and treatment. When scouts return, their intelligence shall be repeatedly verified for authenticity, and they shall be generously rewarded. Scouts who depart three times and bring back reliable intelligence three times shall be heavily rewarded. Those who do not wish to receive rewards but wish to become officials shall be permitted to receive a position of two hundred shi (in grain salary). The commander shall personally confer the seal of office. Those who do not wish to become officials but wish to receive rewards shall be given emoluments and rewards as before.
Those who can penetrate deep into enemy territory shall be carefully interrogated, and once their intelligence is confirmed as true, their rewards shall be doubled. Those who do not wish to receive rewards but wish to become officials shall be permitted to receive a position of three hundred shi. When brave warriors receive rewards, the commander must personally escort them to their relatives’ homes, so that their relatives may witness the commander’s high regard. Those who assist their superiors with secondary merit shall receive double rewards, ranks, emoluments, and sentence reductions.
XXVII. The Beacon Fire Alarm System
Scouts shall not be dispatched more than ten li out. On high and advantageous terrain, markers shall be erected, with three men assigned to guard each marker. From the farthest point to the city, three sets of markers shall be established, maintaining visual contact with the beacon fires on the city walls. By day, beacon smoke shall be raised; by night, beacon fires shall be lit.
Once the direction of the enemy’s approach is known, the enemy situation shall be carefully analyzed, and it shall be judged whether the enemy will certainly attack. If a small city cannot hold the strategic passes, the old, the weak, the grain, and the livestock shall all be escorted into the city.
Scouts shall not be dispatched more than fifty men at a time. When the enemy reaches the battlements, they shall withdraw immediately and must not linger. The total number of scouts shall not exceed three hundred. They shall be dispatched at nightfall to carry out secret missions. Men shall be sent to scout the open roads, passes, and other places frequently traversed by travelers – no fewer than three men at each location. Traces shall be left on flat ground. Markers shall be erected at each location, and the city walls shall respond in kind.
After scouts pass beyond the markers, ambushes shall be set inside and outside the outer gate. Markers shall be erected, and half the soldiers shall be positioned inside the gate and half outside, so that the enemy cannot determine the numbers. Once there is an emergency, upon seeing the enemy pass the markers and withdraw, the city walls shall signal with flags. The scouts shall beat drums, arrange their banners, and prepare for battle according to the flag signals.
When the enemy is sighted, one pile of beacon smoke shall be raised. When the enemy enters the border, two piles. When the enemy approaches the outer city, three piles. When the enemy enters the outer city, four piles. When the enemy approaches the main city, five piles. At night, fires shall replace smoke, with the same numbering.
XXVIII. Clearing the Fields Outside the City and Managing Materials
Within one hundred paces of the outer city, all walls, fences, and trees – regardless of size – shall be cut down and cleared. All wells outside the city shall be sealed, so that the enemy may not draw water. All sealed caves outside the city shall be opened up, and all trees shall be cut down.
All materials that could be used for siege warfare shall be transported into the city. The owners shall each mark their property; after the war is over, they shall retrieve it by their marks. A written receipt shall be issued for each batch of materials, stating the quantity. Timber that cannot be transported into the city in time shall be burned; it must not be left for the enemy to use.
XXIX. Military Discipline and Punishments
Each person shall write his name in large characters on a board and post it at his station as a sign of loyalty. The officials shall publish the regulations for their respective duties; those who violate them shall be punished according to the law of disorder, and the penalty shall be execution by shooting.
Those who show a disrespectful expression, deceive their superiors, make noise and are not quiet, block the road and hinder others from carrying out their duties, delay and arrive late, or overstay their time and are not content – the penalty shall be execution by shooting. Those who make noise and alarm the multitude shall be put to death. Those who, instead of remonstrating upward, act insubordinately from below and spread ominous words shall be put to death.
Musical instruments and gambling implements shall not be allowed in the army; those who possess them shall be punished by execution by shooting. Without the order of the official in charge, no chariots or horses shall gallop and no pedestrians shall run; those who do shall be punished by execution by shooting. No cattle or horses shall be let loose in the army; those who do shall be punished by execution by shooting. Those who do not eat at the prescribed times shall be punished by execution by shooting. Singing and weeping shall not be allowed in the army; those who do shall be punished by execution by shooting.
All law enforcement officers shall put to death those who violate the orders. Officials who see a crime but do not execute the punishment shall receive the same penalty; those who let a criminal escape shall also be put to death. All generals who lead troops into battle in violation of military law shall be put to death. All officials who fail to make the soldiers and common people hear the oath and commands shall bear the罪 (guilt) in their stead. All criminals executed in the marketplace shall have their heads displayed after death.
XXX. Gate Guards and Watchtower System
The attendants (yezhe) shall stand guard at the commander’s gate, divided into two shifts, sitting on either side of the gate. They shall take turns eating and changing shifts; no post shall be left empty. The attendants at the gate shall have one chief. The commander shall frequently order him to enter and inspect for absentees, urge the gate commandant and the officials, and report the list of absentees.
Four men shall guard the inside of the commander’s gate, and two men shall guard the outside of the side gate. When a guest requests an audience, they shall stand with weapons in front, take turns eating and changing shifts, and report the names of the attendants.
A watchman shall be stationed on the high tower above the commander’s quarters. When he sees chariots or cavalry approaching from the road outside, or any unusual situation within the city, he shall immediately report to the commander. The commander shall wait for the watchmen on the city walls, the gate officers, and the township officials to come and report, and then verify the situation. The personnel below the tower shall receive the watchman’s report and relay it to the commander.
XXXI. The Zhongjuan and the Tun-dao System
Two zhongjuan (personal attendants) shall sit on either side inside the side gate. The gate shall remain closed at all times; they shall take turns eating and changing shifts. The zhongjuan shall have one chief.
Along the roads and streets surrounding the commander’s palace, tun-dao (garrison roads) shall be established. Walls shall be built on both sides, one zhang high, with low parapets (pi-ni). Chicken-foot markers (chu-ji-zu) shall be erected, and the road shall be flanked on both sides to overlook the bao-shi (hostage provisions).
When written documents (zha-shu) are received, they must be carefully examined and cross-referenced with the provisions records. If anything is found not in accordance with regulations, it shall be formally reported for correction.
Along the garrison roads, outside the walls, and on all streets, watchtowers shall be built, overlooking the neighborhoods from a height. Each tower shall have one drum and a long-zao (covered furnace). When an emergency occurs, the drum shall be beaten, and officers shall come until it stops. At night, fire shall be used to indicate the location of the drum.
XXXII The Latrine System
A latrine shall be built every fifty paces below the city wall. The latrine shall share the same cesspit (hun) as the one above. Those who have committed offenses that are pardonable shall be ordered to clean the latrines as punishment.
Note
This military chapter lays out comprehensive siege regulations: strict discipline, collective accountability, beacon signals, material requisition, spy management, reward-punishment rules and full civilian mobilization to secure walled cities.
Mozi (c. 470–391 BCE)
The founder of Mohism, one of the major philosophical schools during China’s Warring States period (475–221 BCE). Born in the state of Lu (or possibly Song), Mozi was a craftsman, philosopher, and military strategist. He advocated universal love, opposition to aggressive warfare, frugality, and meritocracy. Unlike Confucianism, which emphasized ritual and hierarchy, Mohism stressed practical utility and the welfare of the common people. The Mohist school was also known for its expertise in defensive warfare and siege technology, as extensively documented in the Mozi.
The Mohist School
A philosophical and quasi-militaristic organization that operated almost like a disciplined brotherhood. Its members were known for their ascetic lifestyle, technical skills in engineering and fortification, and willingness to travel across states to help weaker nations defend against aggression. The school declined after the Qin unification but left a lasting legacy in Chinese logic, optics, mechanics, and military science.
The Warring States Period (475–221 BCE)
The historical backdrop of this chapter. It was an era of intense warfare among seven major states (Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei) and numerous smaller states. Siege warfare became a dominant form of military engagement, prompting the development of sophisticated defensive doctrines – the very subject of Chapter 70.
Guan Zhong
Although not directly named in this chapter, the administrative philosophy of mutual guarantee (连坐, liánzuò – collective responsibility) and systematic census-taking reflects the Legalist-influenced governance model that Guan Zhong pioneered in the state of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period. His reforms laid the groundwork for the bureaucratic statecraft that Mohists and Legalists both drew upon.
Shang Yang
Shang Yang, the great Legalist reformer of the state of Qin. His system of mutual implication (collective responsibility), military ranks based on battlefield merit, and strict reward-punishment mechanisms closely parallel the policies described in this chapter. While Mozi and Shang Yang belonged to different philosophical traditions, their practical approaches to state security converged in many areas.
Mutual Implication / Collective Responsibility (连坐, liánzuò):
A system in which neighbors, family members, or military units were held collectively responsible for the crimes of any individual. This was a cornerstone of both Mohist military discipline and Legalist statecraft, designed to create self-policing communities.
Beacon Fire System:
An ancient Chinese military communication network using smoke signals by day and fire by night to transmit warnings across long distances. The system described in this chapter – with graduated signals from one to five beacon piles – reflects a highly organized early warning network.
Hostage Palace (葆宫, bǎo gōng):
A facility where the families of military personnel, scouts, and key officials were housed – ostensibly for their protection, but in practice also serving as a guarantee of loyalty. This practice was common in ancient Chinese military administration.
Scouts / Intelligence Agents (候者, hòuzhě):
Professional spies and reconnaissance agents. The chapter’s detailed instructions on their recruitment, compensation, verification of intelligence, and protection of their families reveal a sophisticated intelligence apparatus.
Clear Field Policy (清野, qīng yě):
The strategy of destroying or removing all resources within a certain radius of a city before a siege, denying the enemy access to water, timber, shelter, and food. This scorched-earth tactic was a standard element of ancient Chinese defensive warfare.
Execution by Shooting:
A form of capital punishment in which the condemned was shot with arrows, often used in military contexts for desertion, insubordination, or breach of discipline.
Dismemberment by Chariots (车裂, chē liè):
One of the most severe forms of execution in ancient China, in which the condemned was tied to five chariots moving in different directions, tearing the body apart. It was reserved for the gravest crimes such as treason and rebellion.
Marquis Within the Passes (关内侯, guān nèi hóu):
A noble rank in the Qin and Han dynasties, granting the holder a title and income from a designated area of land but without direct territorial authority. It was among the highest honors bestowed for military merit.
Tally System (符节, fú jié):
Bronze, jade, or wooden tokens split into two matching halves, used as authentication credentials for military commands, travel permits, and official communications. Only those bearing the correct tally could pass through gates or issue orders.
Augurs and Shamans (望气者 / 巫, wàng qì zhě / wū):
Diviners who observed atmospheric phenomena (cloud formations, qi patterns) to predict military outcomes, and shamans who communicated with spirits. The chapter’s instruction to restrict their speech to auspicious words reveals the ancient understanding of psychological warfare – maintaining troop morale by controlling the flow of ominous information.
Zhongjuan（中涓）
Personal attendants or eunuch-servants in the commander’s household. The term literally means “middle-stream,” referring to their role as intermediaries between the commander and the outside world. In this chapter, they serve as gatekeepers and internal security personnel.
Tun-dao（屯道）
Garrison roads – fortified pathways surrounding the commander’s palace, flanked by walls for defensive purposes. These served both as patrol routes and as barriers to control access to the command center.
Pi-ni（埤堄）
Low parapets or battlements on top of walls, with gaps (ni) for observation and shooting. A standard feature of ancient Chinese fortifications.
Chu-ji-zu（初鸡足 / 鸡足置）
“Chicken-foot markers” — wooden stakes arranged in a pattern resembling a chicken’s footprint, used as boundary markers or obstacles to slow down intruders. The term suggests a specific geometric arrangement for defensive purposes.
Bao-shi（葆食）
Provisions for the hostage palace (bao-gong). The careful cross-referencing of written documents with provision records reflects the meticulous bureaucratic control over resources in a besieged city.
Long-zao（聋灶）
A “covered furnace” or “deafened stove” – a furnace with a cover or shield, likely used for signaling with fire at night without revealing the exact location of the watchtower. The term “deaf” (long) may also imply that the furnace was designed to muffle sound, preventing the enemy from detecting the watchtower’s activity.
Hun（圂）
A cesspit or latrine pit. The character combines the radical for “enclosure” (wei) with “pig” (shi), reflecting the ancient Chinese practice of building latrines over pigsties – a common feature of rural sanitation. The shared cesspit system described here indicates an organized approach to waste management within the city’s defensive infrastructure.
Latrine Cleaning as Punishment
The assignment of latrine cleaning to offenders reflects the ancient Chinese military practice of using menial labor as a form of punishment short of execution. This allowed the city to maintain sanitation while simultaneously punishing minor infractions without losing manpower to execution or imprisonment.
70章 号令
安国之道，道任地始，地得其任则功成，地不得其任则劳而无功。人亦如此，备不先具者无以安主，吏卒民多心不一者，皆在其将长，诸行赏罚及有治者，必出于王公。数使人行劳赐守边城关塞、备蛮夷之劳苦者，举其守卒之财用有余、不足，地形之当守边者，其器备常多者。边县邑视其树木恶则少用，田不辟，少食，无大屋草盖，少用桑。多财，民好食。为内牒，内行栈，置器备其上，城上吏、卒、养，皆为舍道内，各当其隔部。养什二人，为符者曰养吏一人，辨护诸门。门者及有守禁者皆无令无事者得稽留止其旁，不从令者戮。敌人但至，千丈之城，必郭迎之，主人利。不尽千丈者勿迎也，视敌之居曲众少而应之，此守城之大体也。其不在此中者，皆心术与人事参之。凡守城者以亟伤敌为上，其延日持久以待救之至，不明于守者也，不能此，乃能守城。
守城之法，敌去邑百里以上，城将如今尽召五官及百长，以富人重室之亲，舍之官府，谨令信人守卫之，谨密为故。
及傅城，守城将营无下三百人。四面四门之将，必选择之有功劳之臣及死事之后重者，从卒各百人。门将并守他门，他门之上，必夹为高楼，使善射者居焉。女郭、冯垣一人。一人守之，使重室子。
五十步一击。因城中里为八部，部一吏，吏各从四人，以行冲术及里中。里中父老小不举守之事及会计者，分里以为四部，部一长，以苛往来不以时行、行而不他异者，以得其奸。吏从卒四人以上有分者，大将必与为信符；大将使人行守操信符，信不合及号不相应者，伯长以上辄止之，以闻大将。当止不止及从吏卒纵之，皆斩。诸有罪自死罪以上，皆遝父母、妻子同产。
诸男女有守于城上者，什六弩、四兵。丁女子、老少，人一矛。
卒有惊事，中军疾击鼓者三，城上道路、里中巷街，皆无得行，行者斩。女子到大军，令行者男子行左，女子行右，无并行。皆就其守，不从令者斩。离守者三日而一徇，而所以备奸也。里正与皆守宿里门，吏行其部，至里门，正与开门内吏，与行父老之守及穷巷幽间无人之处。奸民之所谋为外心，罪车裂。正与父老及吏主部者，不得，皆斩；得之，除，又赏之黄金，人二镒。大将使使人行守，长夜五循行，短夜三循行。四面之吏亦皆自行其守，如大将之行，不从令者斩。
诸灶必为屏，火突高出屋四尺。慎无敢失火，失火者斩其端，失火以为事者车裂。伍人不得，斩；得之，除。救火者无敢喧哗，及离守绝巷救火者斩。其正及父老有守此巷中部吏，皆得救之，部吏亟令人谒之大将，大将使信人将左右救之，部吏失不言者斩。诸女子有死罪及坐失火皆无有所失，逮其以火为乱事者如法。
围城之重禁，敌人卒而至，严令吏命无敢喧嚣、三最、进行、相视坐泣、流涕若视、举手相探、相指、相呼、相麾、相踵、相投、相击、相靡以身及衣、讼驳言语。及非令也而视敌动移者，斩。伍人不得，斩；得之，除。伍人逾城归敌，伍人不得，斩；与伯归敌，队吏斩；与吏归敌，队将斩。归敌者父母、妻子同产，皆车裂。先觉之，除。当术需敌。离地，斩。伍人不得，斩；得之，除。
其疾斗却敌于术，敌下终不能复上，疾斗者队二人，赐上奉。而胜围，城周里以上，封城将三十里地为关内侯，辅将如令赐上卿，丞及吏比于丞者，赐爵五大夫，官吏、豪杰与计坚守者，十人及城上吏比五官者，皆赐公乘。男子有守者爵，人二级，女子赐钱五千，男女老小先分守者，人赐钱千，复之三岁，无有所与，不租税。此所以劝吏民坚守胜围也。
吏卒侍大门中者，曹无过二人。勇敢为前行，伍坐，令各知其左右前后。擅离署，戮。门尉昼三阅之，莫，鼓击门闭一阅，守时令人参之，上逋者名。铺食皆于署，不得外食。守必谨微察视谒者、执盾、中涓及妇人侍前者志意、颜色、使令、言语之请。及上饮食，必令人尝，皆非请也，击而请故。守有所不说谒者、执盾、中涓及妇人侍前者，守曰断之、冲之若缚之，不如令及后缚者，皆断。必时素诫之。诸门下朝夕立若坐，各令以年少长相次，旦夕就位，先佑有功有能，其余皆以次立。五日，官各上喜戏、居处不庄、好侵侮人者一。
诸人士外使者来，必令有以执。将出而还若行县，必使信人先戒舍，室乃出迎，门守，乃入舍。为人下者常司上之，随而行，松上不随下。必须□□随。
客卒守主人，及以为守卫，主人亦守客卒。城中戍卒，其邑或以下寇，谨备之，数录其署，同邑者弗令共所守。与阶门吏为符，符合入，劳；符不合，牧，守言。若城上者，衣服，他不如令者。
宿鼓在守大门中。莫令骑若使者操节闭城者，皆以执毚。昏鼓，鼓十，诸门亭皆闭之。行者断，必击问行故，乃行其罪。晨见，掌文鼓，纵行者，诸城门吏各入请籥，开门已，辄复上籥。有符节不用此令。寇至，楼鼓五，有周鼓，杂小鼓乃应之。小鼓五后众军，断。命必足畏，赏必足利，令必行，令出辄人随，省其可行、不行。号，夕有号，失号，断。为守备程而署之曰某程，置署街街衢阶若门，令往来者皆视而放。诸吏卒民有谋杀伤其将长者，与谋反同罪，有能捕告，赐黄金二十斤，谨罪。非其分职而擅取之，若非其所当治而擅治为之，断。诸吏卒民非其部界而擅入他部界，辄收以属都司空若侯，侯以闻守，不收而擅纵之，断。能捕得谋反、卖城、逾城敌者一人。以令为除死罪二人，城旦四人。反城事父母去者，去者之父母妻子。
悉举民室材木、瓦若蔺石数，署长短小大。当举不举，吏有罪。诸卒民居城上者各葆其左右，左右有罪而不智也，其次伍有罪。若能身捕罪人若告之吏，皆构之。若非伍而先知他伍之罪，皆倍其构赏。
城外令任，城内守任。令、丞、尉亡得入当，满十人以上，令、丞、尉夺爵各二级；百人以上，令、丞、尉免，以卒戍。诸取当者，必取寇虏听之。
募民欲财物粟米以贸易凡器者，卒以贾予。邑人知识、昆弟有罪，虽不在县中而欲为赎，若以粟米、钱金、布帛、他财物免出者，令许之。传言者十步一人，稽留言及乏传者，断。诸可以便事者，亟以疏传言守。吏卒民欲言事者，亟为传言请之吏，稽留不言诸者，断。县各上其县中豪杰若谋士、居大夫重厚，口数多少。
官府城下吏、卒、民家前后左右相传保火。火发自燔，燔曼延燔人，断。诸以众强凌弱少及人妇女，以喧哗者，皆断。诸以众强凌弱少及人妇女，以喧哗者，皆断。
诸城门若亭，谨侯视往来行者符。符传疑若无符，皆诣县廷言，请问其所使；其有符传者，善舍官府。其有知识、兄弟欲见之，为召，勿令里巷中。三老、守闾令厉缮夫为荅。若他以事者、微者，不得入里中。三老不得入家人。传令里中有以羽，羽者三所差，家人各令其官中，失令若稽留令者，断。家有守者治食。吏、卒、民无符节而擅入里巷、官府，吏、三老、守闾者失苛止。皆断。
诸盗守器械、财物及相盗者，直一钱以上，皆断。吏、卒、民各自大书于杰，著之其署同，守案其署，擅入者，断。城上日壹废席蓐，令相错发。有匿不言人所挟藏在禁中者，断。
吏、卒民死者，辄召其人，与次司空葬之，勿令得坐泣。伤甚者令归治病家善养，予医给药，赐酒日二升、肉二斤，令吏数行闾，视病有瘳，辄造事上。诈为自贼伤以辟事者，族之。事已，守使吏身行死伤家，临户而悲哀之。
寇去事已，塞祷。守以令益邑中豪杰力斗诸有功者，必身行死伤者家以吊哀之，身见死事之后。城围罢，主亟发使者往劳，举有功及死伤者数使爵禄，守身尊宠，明白贵之，令其怨结于敌。
城上卒若吏各保其左右。若欲以城为外谋者，父母、妻子、同产皆断。左右知不捕告，皆与同罪。城下里中家人皆相葆，若城上之数。有能捕告之者，封之以千家之邑；若非其左右及他伍捕告者，封之二千家之邑。
城禁：使、卒、民不欲寇微职、和旌者，断。不从令者，断。非擅出令者，断。失令者，断。倚戟县下城，上下不与众等者，断。无应而妄喧呼者，断。总失者，断。誉客内毁者，断。离署而聚语者，断。闻城鼓声而伍后上署者，断。人自大书版，著之其署隔，守必自谋其先后，非其署而妄入之者，断。离署左右，共入他署，左右不捕，挟私书，行请谒及为行书者，释守事而治私家事，卒民相盗家室、婴儿，皆断，无赦；人举而藉之。无符节而横行军中者，断。客在城下，因数易其署而无易其养。誉敌：少以为众，乱以为治，敌攻拙以为巧者，断。客、主人无得相与言及相藉，客射以书，无得誉，外示内以善，无得应，不从令者，皆断。禁无得举矢书若以书射寇，犯令者父母、妻子皆断，身枭城上。有能捕告之者，赏之黄金二十斤。非时而行者，唯守及操太守之节而使者。
守入临城，必谨问父老、吏大夫、请有怨仇雠不相解者，召其人，明白为之解之。守必自异其人而藉之，孤之，有以私怨害城若吏事者，父母、妻子皆断。其以城为外谋者，三族。有能得若捕告者，以其所守邑小大封之，守还授印，尊宠官之，令吏大夫及卒民皆明知之。豪杰之外多交诸侯者，常请之，令上通知之，善属之，所居之吏上数选具之，令无得擅出入，连质之。术乡长者、父老、豪杰之亲戚父母、妻子，必尊宠之，若贫人食不能自给食者，上食之。及勇士父母、亲戚、妻子，皆时酒肉，必敬之，舍之必近太守。守楼临质宫而善周，必密涂楼，令下无见上，上见下，下无知上有人无人。
守之所亲，举吏贞廉、忠信、无害、可任事者，其饮食酒肉勿禁，钱金、布帛、财物各自守之，慎勿相盗。葆宫之墙必三重，墙之垣，守者皆累瓦釜墙上。门有吏，主者门里，筦闭，必须太守之节。葆卫必取戍卒有重厚者。请择吏之忠信者、无害可任事者。
令将卫，自筑十尺之垣，周还墙，门、闺者非令卫司马门。望气者舍必近太守，巫舍必近公社，必敬神之。巫祝史与望气者必以善言告民，以请上报守，守独知其请而已。无与望气妄为不善言惊恐民，断弗赦。
度食不足，食民各自占家五种石升数，为期，其在莼害，吏与杂訾。期尽匿不占，占不悉，令吏卒(微，去“彳”)得，皆断。有能捕告，赐什三。收粟米、布帛、钱金，出内畜产，皆为平直其贾，与主券人书之。事已，皆各以其贾倍偿之。又用其贾贵贱、多少赐爵，欲为吏者许之，其不欲为吏而欲以受赐赏爵禄，若赎出亲戚、所知罪人者，以令许之。其受构赏者令葆宫见，以与其亲。欲以复佐上者，皆倍其爵赏，某县某里某子家食口二人，积粟六百石，某里某子家食口十人，积粟百石。出粟米有期日，过期不出者王公有之，有能得若告之，赏之什三。慎无令民知吾粟米多少。
守入城，先以侯为始，得辄宫养之，勿令知吾守卫之备。侯者为异宫，父母妻子皆同其宫，赐衣食酒肉，信吏善待之。侯来若复，就间。守宫三难，外环隅为之楼，内环为楼，楼入葆宫丈五尺为复道。葆不得有室，三日一发席蓐，略视之，布茅宫中，厚三尺以上。发侯，必使乡邑忠信、善重士，有亲戚、妻子，厚奉资之。必重发侯，为养其亲若妻子，为异舍，无与员同所，给食之酒肉。遣他侯，奉资之如前侯，反，相参审信，厚赐之，侯三发三信，重赐之，不欲受赐而欲为吏者，许之二百石之吏。守珮授之印。其不欲为吏而欲受构赏，禄皆如前。有能入深至主国者，问之审信，赏之倍他侯。其不欲受赏而欲为吏者，许之三百石之吏者。扞士受赏赐者，守必身自致之其亲之其亲之所，见其见守之任。其次复以佐上者，其构赏、爵禄、罪人倍之。
出候无过十里，居高便所树表，表三人守之，比至城者三表，与城上烽燧相望，昼则举烽，夜则举火。闻寇所从来，审知寇形必攻，论小城不自守通者，尽葆其老弱、粟米、畜产遣卒候者无过五十人，客至堞，去之，慎无厌建。候者曹无过三百人，日暮出之，为微职。空队、要塞之人所往来者，令可口迹者无下里三人，平而迹；各立其表，城上应之。候出越陈表，遮坐郭门之外内，立其表，令卒之半居门内，令其少多无可知也。即有惊，见寇越陈去，城上以麾指之，迹坐击正期，以战备从麾所指。望见寇，举一垂；入竟，举二垂；狎郭，举三垂；入郭，举四垂；狎城；举五垂。夜以火，皆如此。
去郭百步，墙垣、树木小大尽伐除之。外空井尽窒之，无令可得汲也。外空窒尽发之，木尽伐之。诸可以攻城者尽内城中，令其人各有以记之，事以，各以其记取之。事为之券，书其枚数。当遂材木不能尽内，即烧之，无令客得而用之。
人自大书版，著之其署忠。有司出其所治，则从淫之法，其罪射。务色谩正，淫嚣不静，当路尼众舍事后就，逾时不宁，其罪射。喧嚣骇众，其罪杀。非上不谏，次主凶言，其罪杀。无敢有乐器、弊骐军中，有则其罪射。非有司之令，无敢有车驰、人趋，有则其罪射。无敢散牛马军中，有则其罪射。饮食不时，其罪射。无敢歌哭于军中，有则其罪射。令各执罚尽杀，有司见有罪而不诛，同罚，若或逃之，亦杀。凡将率斗其众失法，杀。凡有司不使去卒、吏民闻誓令，代之服罪。凡戮人于市，死上目行。
谒者侍令门外，为二曹，夹门坐，铺食更，无空。门下谒者一长，守数令入中，视其亡者，以督门尉与其官长，及亡者入中报。四人夹令门内坐，二人夹散门外坐。客见，持兵立前，铺食更，上侍者名。
守室下高楼候者，望见乘车若骑卒道外来者，及城中非常者，辄言之守。守以须城上候城门及邑吏来告其事者以验之，楼下人受候者言，以报守。
中涓二人，夹散门内坐，门常闭，铺食更；中涓一长者。环守宫之术衢，置屯道，各垣其两旁，高丈，为埤堄，立初鸡足置，夹挟视葆食。而札书得必谨案视参食者，节不法，正请之。屯陈、垣外术衢街皆楼，高临里中，楼一鼓，聋灶；即有物故，鼓，吏至而止夜以火指鼓所。
城下五十步一厕，厕与上同圂，请有罪过而可无断者，令杼厕利之。
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