Chinese mythology, folktales, and literature
Gongsun Chou asks if ministers may exile unworthy kings, citing Yi Yin’s case. Mencius replies such extreme acts are legitimate only with Yi Yin’s selfless public devotion; without pure motives, they amount to treasonous usurpation.
Debater Chunyu Kun questions Mencius’ resignation for lacking visible achievements. Mencius argues virtuous men pursue benevolence in diverse ways, stresses worthy officials secure state survival, and notes gentlemen’s subtle moral choices elude common utilitarian judgment.
Mencius portrays three archetypal sages: pure Bo Yi, mission-driven Yi Yin, and accommodating Liu Xia Hui. He regards Confucius as the timely sage who balances all virtues, a fully accomplished sage uniting wisdom and moral strength with musical and archery metaphors.
Mencius refutes the rumor that Yi Yin lobbied Tang by cooking. Yi Yin treasured moral integrity over riches. He answered three summons out of duty to enlighten all, stressing one cannot rectify others if they degrade themselves.
Han Feizi rejects blind adherence to ancient ways. True governance needs bold reforms, even against public resistance, for long-term gains.
Han Feizi rejects Confucian benevolence. Strict laws and merit-based rewards secure order; empty loyalty and virtue are useless.
Yi Yin was a prominent minister in the early Shang Dynasty. His given name was Zhi, while “Yin” was his official title. Originally a slave serving the ruler of the Youshen tribe, he yearned to join Tang of Shang after hearing of the latter’s virtue and benevolence. When Tang married a woman from the…
Han Feizi advises flattering rulers’ pride and hiding their shame to gain trust. Only then can honest advice be given safely.
Han Feizi lists tragic fates of loyal advisors. Wise, honest counsel often gets rejected; truth-tellers face persecution or death under foolish, tyrannical rulers.