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Brief: This article traces the rise of the Liu brothers – Liu Yan and Liu Xiu – who rebelled against Wang Mang’s Xin Dynasty. They allied with Lulin peasant armies, won key battles, and helped enthrone Liu Xuan as the Gengshi Emperor. Though sidelined, the brothers laid the groundwork for the Eastern Han restoration.
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The Cao Quan Stele, formally titled “The Stele of Cao Quan, Magistrate of Heyang in the Han Dynasty,” was erected in 185 CE during the Eastern Han Dynasty by Wang Chang and others to commemorate the achievements and virtues of Cao Quan, who served as the magistrate of Heyang. The inscription on the stele…