Chinese mythology, folktales, and literature
Han Fei urges rulers to eliminate cliques, limit noble power, avoid dual power, and prune factions swiftly to secure absolute central control.
Han Fei warns of powerful ministers. Rulers must stay unfathomable, enforce strict laws, limit minister power, and suppress cliques to avoid usurpation.
Han Fei advises rulers to stay calm and neutral, verify ministers’ words and deeds, hide preferences, and enforce impartial rewards and punishments.
Han Feizi links Daoist cosmology to rule: ruler embodies the supreme Dao, ministers handle deeds. Verify titles and deeds for harmony.
Han Feizi stresses unity, title-deed checks, and tranquil rule. Rulers must reject personal wit, stay independent, and verify officials fairly.
Han Feizi advocates hidden central power, ruler’s non-action, merit-based roles, and avoiding personal display to prevent manipulation.