The Three Safeguards

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 16.2

    There are three forms of seizure of royal power: open seizure, affair‑based seizure, and punishment‑based seizure.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 16.1

    A ruler has three safeguards. When the three safeguards are fully maintained, the state is secure and the ruler honored; when they are neglected, the state is endangered and the ruler imperiled. What are the three safeguards?