Spring and Autumn period

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 32.9

    This Legalist excerpt from Han Feizi ‑ Chapter32.9 expounds human self‑interest via diverse anecdotes. It mocks rigid literalism and blind copying, stressing practical reality over mechanical adherence to ancient texts.

  • Ganjiang and Moye

    Ganjiang (Gan Jiang) and Moye (Mo Ye) were a married couple and renowned master swordsmiths from the State of Wu during the Spring and Autumn period. They once forged sharp swords for the King of Wu. Later, they were commissioned by the King of Chu to cast swords, a task that took three years…

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 31.11

    This is Explanation Three from Han Feizi: Inner Congested Sayings, Part II. It compiles cases of political assassination: ministers exploit the ruler’s suspicion to eliminate rivals. These domestic power‑struggle cases use frame‑ups and false appearances to trigger the ruler’s wrath against political foes.

  • The Rebellion of Bai Gongsheng

    This text narrates Bai Gongsheng’s 479 BC Chu rebellion. Stemming from King Ping’s crime against his crown prince, Lord Bai sought revenge, seized the capital, yet was defeated by Lord Ye, revealing deep royal clan rifts.

  • Mencius – Chapter 14.2

    Mencius claims no truly just wars occurred in the Spring and Autumn age, though some rulers acted less brutally. Only the Son of Heaven held the right to launch punitive campaigns; equal states had no authority to attack one another.

  • The Analects – Chapter 18.9

    All Lu’s royal music masters scattered to distant states and riverfronts. Their mass exile symbolizes the total collapse of Zhou ritual-music systems, revealing the chaotic era without the Dao and Confucius’ sorrow over lost cultural order.

  • The Analects – Chapter 18.5

    A Chu hermit Jieyu sang a phoenix ballad to warn Confucius of perilous politics and urged retreat. Confucius stepped down to talk yet was avoided. It contrasts the hermit’s seclusion mindset with Confucius’ persistent, compassionate commitment to saving the world.

  • Huàn Nàn Yǔ Gòng (患难与共)

    Basic Information Chinese Idiom: 患难与共Pinyin: huàn nàn yǔ gòngLiteral Meaning: Share hardships and misfortunes together.Figurative Meaning: Stand side by side through all troubles, disasters and difficult times, bearing hardships jointly with another person or group. Cultural Background This idiom embodies the virtue of loyal companionship in Chinese culture. Its source sentence creates a sharp…

  • Huàn Dé Huàn Shī (患得患失)

    Basic Information Chinese Idiom: 患得患失Pinyin: huàn dé huàn shīLiteral Meaning: Worry about both gaining and losing something.Figurative Meaning: Before obtaining something, one frets about failing to get it; once possessed, one lives in constant fear of losing it. It describes people who obsessively fixate on personal gains and losses, trapped in endless anxiety over…