social roles

  • The Analects – Chapter 12.11

    Duke Jing of Qi asked Confucius about governance. Confucius replied, “Let the ruler be a ruler, the minister be a minister, the father be a father, and the son be a son.”The Duke said, “Excellent! Indeed, if rulers do not act as rulers, ministers do not act as ministers, fathers do not act as…

  • The Analects – Chapter 10.6

    The noble person does not use dark blue-red or blackish-red fabrics for garment trimmings, nor wear red or purple as casual home attire. In summer heat, one may wear unlined clothes made of fine or coarse ramie, but must always add an outer robe when going out. A black outer robe is worn over…

  • The Analects – Chapter 10.3

    When the ruler summoned Confucius to receive guests, his expression instantly became solemn, and his steps quick and nimble. When bowing to colleagues standing beside him, he courteously saluted with both left and right hands. As he moved, his robe fluttered neatly front and back, never disheveled. When hastening forward, his posture was graceful…

  • The Analects – Chapter 10.1

    When Confucius was among his fellow townspeople, he was modest and gentle, appearing almost unable to speak. But in ancestral temples or at court, he spoke fluently and clearly – yet always with caution.

  • The Analects – Chapter 9.10

    When Confucius saw someone in mourning dress, an official wearing ceremonial robes and cap, or a blind person – even if they were younger than himself – he would always rise from his seat as a sign of respect. When passing by them, he would always quicken his pace.

  • White dragon in fish disguise

    Once the white dragon went down from heaven to a cool lake, taking the form of a fish.