Chinese mythology, folktales, and literature
This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 45 (Gui Shi ‑ Perverting Directives) analyses three core state‑governing tools: benefit, authority and title. It blames disorder when rulers socially honour wrong conduct which undermines these Legalist instruments.
This opening chapter on Universal Love diagnoses all social chaos as stemming from selfish partiality. It argues impartial equal love for all would end strife, theft and wars, thus bringing universal peace and orderly governance.
This Han Feizi excerpt argues true virtue lies in inner sincerity, not superficial ritual. Elaborate etiquette breeds conflict, while genuine substance needs no adornment.
8.10The Master said, “One who is by nature daring and is suffering from poverty will not long be law-abiding. Indeed, any men, save those that are truly Good, if their sufferings are very great, will be likely to rebel.”