Sima Guang

  • The Tragedy of Brotherhood: Succession Struggles in the Late Yuan Dynasty [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This article recounts the late Yuan Dynasty’s fatal succession crises. Frequent coups, broken pacts, and assassinations rocked the court after Emperor Chengzong’s death. Rival princes and warlords fought for the throne, draining the empire. By the time Huizong took power, decades of chaos had doomed Mongol rule in China.

  • The Crow Terrace Poetry Case [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This article recounts the Crow Terrace Poetry Case, a famous literary inquisition in the Northern Song. Su Shi’s poems criticizing political reforms were exploited, leading to his imprisonment. Saved by public appeals, he was exiled to Huangzhou, where he created timeless literary works. The case reflects fierce factional conflicts and the risks of…

  • The Torment of Factionalism: A Dynasty Torn Apart [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This text traces the turbulent political shifts in the late Northern Song Dynasty, starting with Empress Dowager Gao’s regency after Emperor Shenzong’s death. It covers the Yuanyou Restoration, when conservatives led by Sima Guang abolished Wang Anshi’s New Policies. Factional splits among conservatives and Emperor Zhezong’s resentment followed, leading to the Shaosheng Restoration…

  • The Xining Reforms: Wang Anshi [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This post recounts the background and course of Wang Anshi’s Xining Reforms during the Northern Song Dynasty. It begins with young Prince Zhao Xu’s admiration for Wang Anshi’s reform ideas amid the Song’s crises in finance, military, and governance. It depicts the sharp ideological conflict between Wang Anshi and his former friend Sima…

  • Zizhi Tongjian

    Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government) is a monumental chronological universal history of China, compiled under the leadership of Sima Guang (1019–1086), a prominent statesman and scholar of the Northern Song dynasty. The main text comprises 294 scrolls, supplemented by two auxiliary works: Kaoyi (Textual Criticism and Discrepancies) and Rilu (Daily Records),…

  • Sima Guang

    Sima Guang (1019–1086 CE) was a prominent statesman and historian of the Northern Song dynasty. His courtesy name was Junshi, and he styled himself Yusou (“Old Recluse”). Born in Sishui Village, Xia County, Shanzhou (in present-day Shanxi Province), he was widely known as “Master Suishui.”

  • Expanded Collection of Adages – Part 1

    The wise writings of old instruct you earnestly and sincerely.Collected in rhyme and expanded into text, they broaden your sight and hearing.

  • The chicken-crowers and dog-thieves: Lord Mengchang [Warring States]

    Brief: This article examines the controversial life of Lord Mengchang (Tian Wen), one of the “Four Lords” of the Warring States period. It contrasts his self-serving opportunism against the loyalty of his peers, detailing his betrayals of both Qin and his native Qi. The narrative highlights his famous escape from Qin—aided by retainers skilled…

  • Why did Liu Bei refuse to take control of Jingzhou? [Three Kingdoms]

    In the summer of 208 CE, as death approached, Liu Biao, Governor of Jing Province, made a startling offer to Liu Bei: “After I die, you shall assume control of Jingzhou.” To an ambitious warlord who had wandered homeless for two decades, this was the opportunity of a lifetime – yet Liu Bei declined.