serving the ruler

  • Mencius – Chapter 13.19

    Mencius sorts officials into four tiers: flatterers seeking favor, loyal state guardians, Heaven’s men who advance universal Dao, and supreme great men. The highest attain virtue first; their self-correction naturally rectifies all things.

  • The Analects – Chapter 17.15

    Confucius criticizes petty officials obsessed with rank: they fret over gaining power first, then fear losing it, resorting to any wicked trick to hold their positions. Unlike principled gentlemen guided by righteousness, such profit-driven men lack moral boundaries and ruin governance.

  • The Analects – Chapter 15.38

    The Master said, “In serving a ruler, attend to your duties with reverence first, and place your salary second.”

  • The Analects – Chapter 14.22

    Zilu asked how to serve a ruler. The Master said, “Do not deceive him, but dare to remonstrate with him openly – even if it offends him.”