This chapter holds Heaven’s will the absolute moral gauge. It criticizes people’s moral double standard: punishing petty crimes yet glorifying interstate wars, and stresses universal love as the only righteous path conforming to Heaven.
This chapter holds Heaven the supreme source of righteousness. It states Heaven favors universal mutual aid and punishes warmongering partiality, using sage kings and tyrants as examples, and treats Heaven’s will as the objective standard to judge all conduct.
This chapter advocates cutting useless luxury spending to double national wealth. It sets utilitarian standards for daily goods and promotes early marriage to boost population, criticizing wars and heavy taxes that reduce residents.