revering the King and repelling the barbarians

  • The Reforms of Guan Zhong

    After Duke Huan of Qi ascended the throne in 685 BC, he appointed Guan Zhong to implement a series of policies aimed at enriching the state and strengthening its military, which are also known as the “Reforms of Guan Zhong” (or the Guan Zhong Reforms).

  • Guan Zhong

    Guan Zhong (?–645 BC) was a prominent statesman in the early Spring and Autumn period. His given name was Yi Wu, his courtesy name was Zhong, and he was a native of Yingshang. Initially serving under Prince Jiu, he was later recommended by his close friend Bao Shuya and appointed as a high-ranking minister…

  • The Covenant of Kuiqiu

    Duke Huan of Qi was the first and most famous of the Spring‑and‑Autumn Five Hegemons. He convened the feudal lords many times.