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Ji Zicheng said, “A noble person needs only inner substance—why bother with outward refinement?”Zigong replied, “What a pity, sir, that you speak this way of the noble person! Once words are spoken, even a team of four horses cannot overtake them. Refinement is as essential as substance, and substance is as essential as refinement.…
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6.18 The Master said, “When natural substance prevails over ornamentation, you get the boorishness of the rustic. When ornamentation prevails over natural substance, you get the pedantry of the scribe. Only when ornament and substance are duly blended do you get the true gentleman.”
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To know that you do not know—that is true wisdom.Not to know yet think you know—that is affliction. Only by recognizing affliction as affliction can one avoid affliction.The sage is free from affliction because he recognizes affliction as such—thus he remains unafflicted.