•
Was Lü Meng’s capture of Jing Province in AD 219 a betrayal of an ally? Some people argue that the Sun–Liu alliance effectively collapsed after the Xiang River Partition (circa AD 215), when Liu Bei and Sun Quan divided Jing Province along the Xiang River. However, primary sources from the Records of the Three…
•
In 208, when Cao Cao launched his southern campaign against Jingzhou, his army swept through Xinye with overwhelming momentum. Behind him marched hundreds of thousands of northern troops; at the vanguard were elite generals like Cao Ren and Xiahou Dun.
•
After being defeated by Cao Cao, Liu Bei fled south to Jingzhou (Jing Province) and sought refuge with the governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao. Liu Biao not only sheltered Liu Bei and his remaining forces but also generously granted him a city to recuperate. Moreover, Liu Biao actively involved Liu Bei in the administration…
•
The story of Yuan Shao’s seizure of Ji Province from Han Fu is often portrayed as a brilliant political maneuver—a bloodless coup achieved through psychological pressure and strategic deception.
•
The peaceful handover of Ji Province (Jizhou) from Han Fu to Yuan Shao in 191 AD is often seen as a masterstroke of political manipulation—a bloodless coup achieved through psychological pressure and strategic deception. However, beneath the surface of this seemingly clever power grab lies a far more urgent and personal motive: survival.
•
In the chaotic power struggles of the late Eastern Han dynasty, few leaders demonstrated the strategic acumen of Cao Cao. When faced with a two-front war in 197 AD, following his victory at Shouchun, Cao Cao did not react with panic. Instead, he executed a sophisticated, multi-layered strategy that combined diplomacy, psychological manipulation, and…
•
In the chaos of war, when survival hangs by a thread, morality often yields to necessity. One of the most chilling and revealing moments in Romance of the Three Kingdoms captures this truth in the story of Cao Cao’s execution of Wang Hou, the grain administrator (granary officer). Far from a mere act of…