This article explores the intense rivalry between the Vertical Alliance (Hezong) of Su Qin and the Horizontal Alliance (Lianheng) of Zhang Yi during the Warring States period. It details how Su Qin’s coalition of six states threatened Qin, only to be countered by Zhang Yi’s diplomatic stratagems that divided them. The narrative follows Su…
This article recounts the harrowing tale of Sun Bin and his descent into a feigned madness to survive the treachery of his former classmate, Pang Juan, during the Warring States period. It details how Pang Juan, jealous of Sun Bin’s superior military genius, framed him, leading to the cruel punishment of kneecap removal and…
This article chronicles the epic journey of Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong’er), one of China’s Five Hegemons. It details his nineteen years of exile, marked by humiliation – such as begging for food at Wulu – and the fierce loyalty of his retainers. The narrative highlights his diplomatic promise to “retreat three she”…
This article recounts the Battle of Changshao (684 BCE) between the states of Qi and Lu. It details how Duke Huan of Qi, ignoring Guan Zhong’s advice, launched an invasion to prove his strength. Facing the formidable Qi army, Duke Zhuang of Lu appointed the commoner Cao Gui as commander. The narrative highlights Cao…
This article explores the legendary “Guan-Bao friendship” between Guan Zhong and Bao Shuya, a bond that shaped the rise of the State of Qi. It details their early partnership, where Bao Shuya’s generosity and understanding shielded Guan Zhong from accusations of greed and cowardice. The narrative pivots on the race for the Qi throne…