private schools

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 47

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 47 (Eight Sayings) criticizes eight popular private‑virtue praises harmful to state. It advocates objective legal standards, merit‑based official appointment and curbing over‑powerful ministers for national wealth and strength.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 46

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 46 condemns reversed social values in governance. It warns private morality and factions erode royal power, advising rulers to prioritize impartial state law rather than unregulated personal reputations for political stability.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 45

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 45 (Gui Shi ‑ Perverting Directives) analyses three core state‑governing tools: benefit, authority and title. It blames disorder when rulers socially honour wrong conduct which undermines these Legalist instruments.